Book Review.. Law and Society

Slavery, Law and Society in the British Windward Islands 1763-1823 September 29, 2011 Lecturer: Dawn M. McNeil Reviewed by Natasha Stewart DR BERNARD MARSHALL (2007) SLAVER, LAW AND SOCIETY Published by Arawak Publications ISBN 976 8189 81 9 (hbk) ISBN 976 8189 27 4 (pbk) One of the most important courses that are required for matriculation into law school is â€Å"law and society†. This is due to the fact that this course covers interaction between Law and Society from a historical, economical, political, sociological perspective of Caribbean societies, from primitive to transitional and also modern societies. It incorporates trends of law enforcement as well as current social and technological changes that influence society. It is premised on the fact that law has a critical function in all forms of social conduct. Though not the exact words of lecture McNeil, they were enough to help me to understand the importance of this course. Therefore upon her instructions to review the book â€Å"Slavery Law and Society†, I was most enthused, as I intended to read with an objective that would allow me to understand more about the laws of slavery and their impacts, the composition of society and to compare it with the society we have today. As I thought that this would allow me to be understanding of this course of study. My attention was also naturally drawn to the author Bernard Marshal, as I think he did a great job in compiling this case study. Nonetheless, I feel privilege to know that my review o this book will ultimately make it better, while giving me knowledge of a society that I fortunately escaped. The book slavery law and society is a comparative study, which looks at the political, economical, legal and social life of a majority black population, a minority white population and a relatively large amount of free colored in St Vincent, Tobago, Dominica, Grenada and the Grenadines between the years 1763 to 1823. This period marks a relevant and vital time in the history of the Caribbean and the importance of these Windward Islands to French and British economy. These two European nations stood in constant conflict over wealth and ownership of these islands. Thus building our understanding of how Caribbean history in these islands was developed. Bernard Marshall assessed the relationship between different groups in society, with special attention placed on the enslaved population who were in constant resistance of slavery, especially the maroons. Throughout the sixty years of slavery, many writers have analyzed the nature of slavery in some of the more popular Caribbean islands, however it must be noted that this book is the first to help with understanding the nature of the slave system in these four important communities. At a time when slavery and plantation ownership was very important to the economic success of the planter class, the nature of the slave society was examined and critiqued in this study. Special emphasis was placed the political, social, religious, economic and legal organizations of these islands. Nonetheless there was decline which brought into question, the importance of a seemingly redundant enslaved population. Bernard however, presents a harsh historical reality, which was seen in the most inhumane activities meted out to mankind, which is the trans-Atlantic slave trade. During that period the establishment of sugar plantations required purchasing of land, plantation buildings, equipment and upkeep of one’s own labour force which translated into large expenditures: for example a sugar estate in St Vincent that contained 442 acres was 74,035 pounds. Funds were secured to purchase such an estate from the mercantile houses in the metropolis. When the economy declined and prices paid for crops were reduced, many planters defaulted on their loans and went bankrupt. This period saw many such declines and loss for planters, whether for economic reasons or as a direct result of the many revolts that were carefully planned and executed by the slaves seeking freedom and social status. To date the Caribbean is very familiar to almost everyone, due to the contributions of historians, sociologists, lecturers and legal scholars. Nonetheless, only this writer has sought to give a comparative analysis of these communities as they are generally ignored in most readings of Caribbean history, though same were the experiences of these islands in the era of slavery. The role of law was carefully examined and most importantly, its relationship with economic, political and social life of persons in these communities. Marshall’s study provides adequate insight into the society of slavery in an ignored area of the Caribbean history. It must be noted that while the whips and the other physical brutal methods of control were deemed effective to control the slave population. A critique of religion was also evident as it was used as an effective form of social control which made the slaves subservient to their masters. The book is mostly viewed from a Marxist perspective; therefore the function of law was an instrument of the ruling class. This authority created an exploited Caribbean society by colonial rule whose authority was justified by the existing political and judicial precedents created by them and used to keep the â€Å"less fortunate† Africans and free coloured in check. Marshall showed how the law worked in favour of the ruling class, those who owned the means of production. This aspect of Marshal’s analysis can be compared to present day societies, where preference is given to the â€Å"big man†. Law is a coercive order†¦.. the norms which form a legal order must be norms stipulating a coercive act, e. g. a sanction, the evil applied to the violator of the order when sanction is socially organized, consists in a deprivation of possessions- life, health, freedom or property. As the possessions are taken from him against his will, this sanction has the character of the measure of coercion; a social order that seeks to bring about the desired behavior of individuals by the enactment of such measures of coercion is called a coercive order. The laws of the islands recognized the owner’s right to his property in the slave, and protected right from violation by others†. Therefore various acts were passed to govern the every movement of slaves. (Slave laws of 1768) In an attempt by the minority white to ensure social stability, laws were designed to push actions such as rebellions, robbery, running away, arson etc, the actions were severely punished, in fact, dealt was the ultimate. The responsibility of punishment was given to the police, who ensured that laws were upheld. The law was therefore seen as a weapon of social control that worked in the interest of the minority white population. It was used to dehumanized the African population in a most barbaric and unthinkable way. The ruling class fashioned its own brand of social engineering to support a system of racial inequality and exploitation. In the period between 1763-1773, Great Britain acquired what was well known as the British Windward islands. An economy which was initially based on the production and trade of cocoa, coffee, spice and tobacco was now changed into one based on sugar production. This lead to the immediate migration of white owners who could not compete with the emerging sugar industry and influx of slaves. this lead to a cultural change of the society into that of which was centered around the sugar industry, slavery and a dominating planter class. â€Å"The history of slavery in the British Windward islands indisobly and extricably linked to the expansion of the sugar industry. Ever since 1773, sugar had gained a position of first rate importance in the plantation economy. A position which it maintained throughout the period of this study, to almost the total neglect of other kinds of economic activities. For instance, in St. Vincent after 1773, tobacco cultivation was carried out by the Black Caribs only, and following their expulsion in 1797 it was most likely to be abandoned. Report from the island in 1788 also revealed that the culture of coffee and cocoa was being neglected by planters†. This aspect of history saw decline in the economy of these islands due to revolts by slaves and other economic reasons such as cut off of trade with America, knowing that this trade with America was vital to the survival of plantation economy. In Grenada and St. Vincent, production level fell, while prices also declined presenting famine in these islands. French rule played a significant role in the losses suffered by these islands. Nonetheless, the treaty of Versailles gave back to Britain these islands. British were well interested in the American rum and liquor, which were relatively cheap and affordable, thus inviting the interest of the British to trade for a profit in their market. The economy suffered extreme effects of war, of which the planter class was seemingly unaware. Through Marshall’s theses, revelation was made of economic politics which resulted in revolts of the whites, mullatos and slaves. Slave rebellion in Tobago between the years 1770 and 1773 saw 80 whites killed. These revolts were influenced by other revolutionary wars, such as French Revolution, American Revolution and enlightenment thinkers. Passive and submissive behaviors were thought to the slaves by Christian missionaries. In a report submitted to the Privy Council in 1788 it was asserted that â€Å"if they (the slaves) receive punishment for misdemeanors, though they might seem too severe, the brethren have no business to interfere† this policy was perused by the Moravian Brethren in Tobago. In addition, they preached the virtues of obedience, submission and diligence to their converts and by doing so they made a fairly significant contribution to the maintenance and stability of the slave society. The brethren had no choice than to adapt to these policies of the planters, since their focus should be on conversion of the heathen to Christianity. Failure to comply would result in them being forced to leave the islands. When in 1799 Brother Schirmer’s went to say the last word to a slave who was about to be executed, this was what he said: â€Å"Though God is merciful and gracious and forgives repenting sinners, yet he also executes his vengeance against those who persist in sin and commit iniquity with greediness and has authorized the powers he had established in the world, to do the same. Even after the abolition of slave trade in 1807 the lives of slaves still had no value to the planter class. The inferiority of Negro slavery was still polished in their minds, and this harsh trend has been brought down into our societies today. The thought that slave trade was abolished and slaves could now buy their freedom was a most welcomed notion by the slaves, however this was a mere dream in reality, as the price to purchase such freedom was unattainable. In St. Vincent, one slave out of every 630 gained his freedom each year; in Grenada, one out of every 408: in Dominica 1 out of every 90 and in Tobago one out of every 832. The slave society in the new world and Brazil remained fairly closed. Slave societies in the Windward Islands and other islands of the New world such as Brazil are quite similar, regardless of a few supersticial differences. Nonetheless, Marshall’s contribution to slavery in these islands is commendable a great deal of achievement, however, many generations to come, will encounter different articles on slavery. Perceptions of slavery might change in future references. However the process and nature of slavery will be the theme for many great writers, who will borrow from Marshall’s study of these Windward Island. A criticism of Marshall’s theory links it to a cohesive society with shared norms and values and similar goals and objectives. Nonetheless, this text was a well researched on, based on various references provided from other writers to substantiate information given. The relevance of this study to my course of study was what gave me the drive to continue reading Marshall’s ork. It was quite informative; on the other hand it could have been far more concise, as there was too much repetition of points that were made clear in earlier chapters. The dates though very important, were overused and at some points they were not significant, and caused me to lose focus on many occasions. A book of this nature which caters to a wide range of intellectuals, specifically uni versity students should have been vetted thoroughly to avoid spelling errors and incorrect grammar. I also found that paragraphs were exhausted and one point either overlapped into another or it was too long. Marshall’s study of these islands was somewhat limited as it could have incorporated more impacts of the outside world on these plantations, such as the rise to industrialism and enlightenment, impact of French revolution, slave actions in other Caribbean territories, works of humanitarians etc. all the aspects of slavery impacted the windward islands, but Marshall paid little attention to them. I think however that had he made relations to more similarities between these islands and other well written about Caribbean territories history of slavery, then he would attracted more authors of this school of thought to add the history of the windward islands into their writings of Caribbean history and slavery. Though I am appreciative of the fact that this study gave me extended knowledge of Caribbean history, which I very much appreciate, I think that this source was not one of the more captivating piece of Caribbean history that I have read, and if not for a specific purpose I would not be enthused to read it again. Though a local case study, the book is nevertheless an important contribution to the history of slavery in the Caribbean and in the New World in general. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Hans keelson, general theory of law and state [ 2 ]. House of commons Accounts and papers, volume xxvi,1789 [ 3 ]. Periodical accounts, volume ii: extract from brother Schirmer’s diary.

Abuse of power leads to conflict

We swing our power like a club and the world bides its time until our Ignorance strips us of our glory. Stack Abuse of power refers to the unwarranted use of authority. A person or group of people who abuse power, unjustifiably use their authority to exploit or harm those under their care or influence, or allow exploitation and perhaps harm to occur through lack of action. These powers can range in form, social position, physical strength, knowledge, technology, weapons, wealth, or the trust that others have in them.It is evident from both history and in the current Edie, that people in places of power are often associated with misuse of their power. But does abuse of power lead to conflict? Or does conflict lead to abuse of power? One could say It goes both ways. The most ghastly abuse of power is quite possibly neglect of children. The mother and or father are in a position where they should be giving their child or children everything they possibly can, but instead choose not to. They take only for themselves, and leave nothing for their offspring.Michelle Unguent was charged with murdering her Infant daughter, Thy, by leaving her In a car In outer Melbourne on a tot November day. It was said that she had repeatedly left the child in her car, sparking arguments with her own mother regarding the level of care she was exerting for Thy. Michelle was in a place of power, she was responsible for the well- being of her offspring, but yet she abused her power, leading initially to conflict with her mother and ultimately, the death of her little girl.Quite often we see religious ministers misuse power for their own personal pleasure. In Australia there are over 100 cases where Catholic priests have been charged for ex offences against minors! The misuse of social position, physical strength and trust have been used on numerous occasion for the religious leaders to sexually satisfy themselves. The victimized children would feel uncomfortable and violated, if they wer e old enough to understand that It was wrong.Bishops and Cardinals abused their position to protect the priests, to save the churches Image. They simply moved the priests on to a new place of practice rather than naming and shaming, allowing the exploitation to continue. At no point did any of the people in places in rower step forward to protect the children. No one wanted to prevent future conflicts by creating and uproar at the time when minors most needed it. They abused their power to allow the abuse of other powers to continue, they encouraged the conflicts.TLS causes a conflict within the child as they grow up, they may question their own self worth and they could potentially become mentally and emotionally unable to function properly in a sexual relationship. Not only has the trust of the child been violated, the parents and guardians who willingly placed their loved one n their care have been let down and their trust, also, been broken. This particular abuse of power is one that creates further conflict by limiting the amount of trust people will put into churches and people of religious order, particularly those of Catholic denomination. rower to disadvantage someone else. Over the course of Sadism's 42 year reign, he kept his family placed in high national political standing. He gave his oldest son the job of becoming a dominant face of telecommunications, while another son was the head of national security. Caitiff was a nepotism; misusing his power to give advantage to his family, rather than those of the general public. In a sense, he disadvantaged the country by having a heavily weighted national political front to people who share his opinion.Everyday people use their power to exploit others for personal gain. We see it in many forms, but one that is quite distinct is human trafficking. Human trafficking is the trade in which humans are used sexually exploited or are used for forced labor ad sometimes for marriage. It is clearly an abuse of wea lth, they take advantage of people in poverty. The victims simply cannot but their way out of it, especially if they are trafficked to pay of a debt. Human traffickers abuse the power of wealth. They create conflict with the law and the human race.They break the unwritten rules of humaneness, by seeing people simply as commodities and then denying them their basic human rights. Money is power. Book Harm is a clear example where power is abused. These people were not allocated their power, they stole it. They pressured their way into a negative place of rower through violence and the infilling of fear. They have explicitly stated they Will sell women'. They have not only misused their power of wealth and weapons, he has greatly abused the asset of his illegally gained women.If this group of men are not pursued and made accountable, what message does it send to the world about the value of women if they get away with it? Not a very good one obviously, women in these countries are gene rally treated as objects, and breeders. They are often promised to older men at young ages and sometimes before birth. Most are unable o do anything of their own desire but rather only as their husband wishes, and if he is denied, he may do whatever he so chooses to punish her.The fact that a large number of young girls were taken without anyone speaking a word upon the occurrence of the crime; simply supports the general ideals of this particular culture, women aren't worth more than simply a sum of money. These men are allowing the rest of the world to look upon their actions and feel a certain amount of disgust, if they are not found and or punished, people internationally will start to worry, enduring where it is safe to be anymore. Thus there is a conflict.Their abuse of the power of money, weapons and assets creates a conflict of security. Abuse of power and conflict go hand in hand. Whether it be abuse of power causing conflict, or the conflict leading to the abuse of power. People misuse their power everyday. The power of trust, money, assets, weapons and the like. It happens in everyday life, and our history as a race is littered with it. We use our power to our advantage and we exploit others. Sometimes we turn a blind eye, using our power to cause the conflict.

Charlotte Bronte’s Aspects Of The Gothic

Charlotte Brontes Aspects Of The Gothic In †Jane Eyre†, Charlotte Bronte places her narrator and central character in the middle of dramatic events. One of these is at the start of the novel when Jane is trapped in the Red Room and the next is when she attends Thornfield Hall to work as a governess. Charlotte Bronte uses certain features of gothic literature to create a tense atmosphere for the reader. Jane Eyre is sent to live with her unfeeling aunt and abusive cousins, after her parents sadly passed away. Jane Eyre leads a very unhappy life as the people whom she grows up with do not treat her like family and blame her for any trouble. Now, Jane Eyre is locked in the Red-Room after an incident with her cousin, for which she takes the blame. As the years pass and Jane grows into a young woman, she is sent to Thornfield to work as a governess and, in the passage, is being shown around the estate. In the Red Room and at Thornfield hall, Bronte establishes a typical gloomy, gothic setting to create suspense and terror. Charlotte Bronte uses powerfully gothic descriptions of objects especially in the Red -Room. The name seems more important because of the alliteration and the fact that the room is identified as ‘red’ makes the reader feel that it is perhaps dangerous. The colour is often associated with blood and death, both of which create fear for the reader. We are told by the narrator that â€Å"The red-room was a square chamber, very seldom slept in, I might say never†. The use of the word †chamber† makes it sound much larger and grander and perhaps more uninviting than a regular room. The fact that the room is hardly ever slept in suggests that it is abandoned by all human company and creates a tense mood for the reader raising several questions about its safety. Bronte, therefore, uses colour to reflect the turmoil of emotions such as rage, fear and frustration which Jane is now experiencing. The objects which Charlotte Bronte describes in the Red Roo m create a typical gothic environment. We are told that the room is decorated very darkly. ‘The chairs were of darkly polished old mahogany’, which suggests that the furniture in the room is sombre, old and heavy. Colours associated with the gothic are generally darker shades, and the Red Room purposely creates images in the reader’s mind of gloomy objects to create a depressing atmosphere. When the writer describes the bed as â€Å"glar(ing) white† and the â€Å"snowy Marseilles counterpane†, this creates a contrast to the surrounding redness of the rest of the room. â€Å"Glared white† uses personification to describe the bedding as antagonistic to Jane as if it is watching her. This creates more torment for the reader. Even though the colour white might seem a much more optimistic colour than red, here it is used to create negative thoughts. The â€Å"snowy white counterpane† presents the bed as being icy cold, like death. When Jane looks in this mirror she sees a â€Å"half imp, half fairy† staring back at her. This introduces an element of the supernatural and suggests that Jane believes evil forces within the room may have possessed her and are reflected in the glass. Charlotte Bronte plays here on the superstitious fears of the reader. The fact that Jane Eyre is trapped in the red-room where her uncle died is terrifying enough but the idea that the room might have the power to drive Jane mad plays on our deepest anxieties. Death is a prominent feature of the gothic and Bronte uses the dead uncle and the possibility that he haunts the room to intensify the atmosphere. When Jane looks in this mirror is the most disturbing moment in the description of the red-room. Horror and fascination are created for Jane at this moment. The description of her †white face† and †glittering eyes of fear† show that Jane appears like a ghost to herself, the word †glittering† hinting a t madness.

Case study group project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Group project - Case Study Example This paper evaluates the communication issues and communication effectiveness of Mr. Porter, Mr. Weigand, and the disgruntled teacher, where they all made communication mistakes because leaders did not establish strong relationships with their subordinates, while subordinates reacted with inadequate critical thinking. The first section of the paper assesses the e-mail communications of Mr. Porter and Mr. Weigand, which both manifested a lack of responsiveness to one of the crucial roles of leadership, the role of building relationships, which could have helped them become more perceptive of the current workload of teachers and their feelings regarding additional class requirements. Mr. Porter and Mr. Weigand did not effectively communicate the importance of the new performance objectives because they did not understand the workload of their teachers and how they would respond to the new class requirement that they have to submit in a month. First, Mr. Porter did not consult with his principals and teachers regarding the new performance objectives. ... Second, Mr. Weigand should know more about the teachers’ situation, but instead, he merely forwarded an unsympathetic e-mail to his teachers. Apart from not expressing empathy, he did not have sufficient perception of his role as someone who could have at least tried to communicate with the teachers first regarding how they felt about the performance objectives (Lunenburg, 2010, p.5). As the principal, he should have been more aware of the potential impact of the performance objectives on his teachers because he should know more about the teachers’ everyday activities. Instead, he acted as if he was another Mr. Porter. Third, if I would put myself in the position of these teachers, I would also be surprised and frustrated after getting the e-mail. The e-mail had a demanding tone and unrealistic perception of teachers’ workload. It would certain get angry responses because it did not consider its effects on teachers, who already had regular tasks and activities. T hus, Mr. Porter and Mr. Weigand failed to build a strong relationship with their teachers that could have given them the inkling that setting performance requirements could not be done in such a rushed manner. The second section of the paper discusses how Mr. Weigand should respond to the angry teacher, where he should reply with empathy and openness to further discussion. In his e-mail response, Mr. Weigand must sound concerned by saying that he understood her frustration and that he would open the topic for further discussion with other teachers. He must be open to suggestions too on how the relevance of the performance objectives could be better explored and highlighted to his teachers (Lunenburg, 2010, p.7). Furthermore, I could have

Do Organisations Need Managers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Do Organisations Need Managers - Essay Example Currently, debates have risen as to whether organizations really need managers for the purposes of achieving their goals and objectives. This paper is to examine the functions and purpose of managers in organizations and there relevance in organizations. Traditional and Modern Managers Managers have existed in traditional and modem organizations and there are certain conventional functions and roles that such managers were executing. The conventional activities that managers are involved in organizations including building and maintaining relationships, getting and giving information, influencing people and decision making (Waldron, Vsanthakumar, & Arulraj, 2011). The functions and purpose of managers in the traditional management was restricted to the liaison between the owner and all the staff of the organization (Cieslinska, 2007). According to traditional and modern management principles, the functions of a manager are identified as interpersonal, informational, and decisional. I nterpersonal roles entail the development, building, and maintenance of contacts and relationships with variety of people both within and outside the organization or department. Interpersonal role requires managers to acts as a symbol for their organizations or departments and to liaise with other people outside the department or organization. The informational role requires managers to monitor and assess organizational operations through data collection and analysis and disseminating information to employees and other stakeholders and acting as a spokesperson for the organization (Puckett, Byers, & Green, 2004:32). Managers are also charged with decisional role where they are required to make innovative decisions, handle conflicts, and resolve problems and resource allocation (Yadav, 2009). Planning Managers are involved in the planning of the business environment in organizations. The planning aspect for managers entails the identification of goals and objectives that the organiza tion seeks to achieve. They also determine the methods and strategies to be used in the achievement of the pre-set goals and objectives of the organizations in which they head (Rondeau, 2011). It is the responsibility of the manager to ensure that the goals and objectives of organizations are met and achieved within the stipulated time frame. To ensure that the objectives are realized, the managers ensures that the organization runs smoothly and any impediments and obstacles that might derail the organization from achieving its goals and objectives are removed. In the traditional organizational management system, managers were preoccupied with the running of the day to day business with the sole responsibility of increasing profitability for the organizations. The responsibility of meeting the organizational goals such as the provision of safe place for employment, provision of quality products, adherence to the mission, vision and values of an organization and providing the expecta tions, wants and needs of customers squarely lies within the functions of managers (Puckett, Byers, & Green, 2004:37). The current environment in which most organizations

Changing a behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Changing a behavior - Essay Example I kept track of my daily progress through a data tracking sheet which I will provide with the paper. Motivation My goal falls in upper-level needs in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. My wish to change my behavior is my social need and self-esteem need, which are the psychological needs that come up in the hierarchy when the low-level needs are satisfied. The only counter-motive that made it difficult for me to accomplish my goal was the lack of comfort in my life. As I already stated, my life has been very hard and I had to struggle a lot to get at this point in life. This hardship made me doubtful about my future and thus I became afraid of many things. This counter-motive falls in the category of safety (comfort) needs in Maslow’s hierarchy. I felt extrinsically motivated to change this behavior because the appreciation I was expecting to get from my peers and others after my changed behavior was enough to motivate me to achieve my goal. My motives did contribute toward t he outcome because communicating with people is always fruitful in the development of speech skills. Also, facing the danger reduces the fear that one feels while encountering dangerous situations. In this way, my motives were good enough to contribute toward a positive outcome. Learning I set my email and other passwords on the words that could remind me of my goals. For example, I changed my email password to â€Å"don’t_be_afraid†, so whenever I logged in, my mind accepted this fact that I had to come out my timidity. I decided to pick a debatable topic once a week and make an appointment with a friend to come and discuss the topic with me. I made a plan to look into the mirror for continuous 10 minutes daily and tell myself that I am a confident person. All these methods proved very helpful to me in the accomplishment of my goals and brought out the long-lost confidence from within me. Emotions, Barriers and Social Support I felt very much motivated to change my be havior. I made a resolution that I had to change this behavior at all costs, and I felt pleasure in my decision. I felt as if I was valuing myself. This feeling filled such energy inside me that I wanted to do more and more to become confident. I found myself emotionally strong enough to keep myself going. It was a nice surprise to me. The only barrier that made it difficult for me to accomplish my goal was the lack of social support. Since I live alone, I am far away from my family and friends, and their support was much needed during this whole process. I was expecting this barrier but to overcome it, I arranged to keep myself busy with my friends and decided to stay in group rather than being alone all the time. Thus, I enlisted some of my colleagues to help me during the process and this was very helpful. Conclusion I am proud to state that I did accomplish my goal to much extent. Although at some points, I felt that it was all useless, but when I started feeling a positive chan ge within me, I decided to continue the process, and in the end it proved to be very fruitful. I feel very delighted at this change because I am getting very much appreciated among my peers. Now, I am able to lead a group. I can speak in front of crowd and deliver a speech. I feel confident enough to tell someone about his mistakes and how to correct them. My self-esteem has risen. Now, I am not shy of giving presentations and delivering speeches. In the future, I plan to

Major works of Western classic music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Major works of Western classic music - Essay Example Piano played an important role in this nationalistic era of music composers and Charles Ives is an important person who inspired other composers in filling the nationalistic music with folk, march tunes as well as Piano rhythms. The composers of Nineteenth Century composed to nationalistic songs, thus giving rise to nationalistic tones to be famous. Significant among them is Charles Ives, born on 20th October 1874, who has composed music using experimental techniques and ideas. He has been considered as the first true great American Composer, as he composed for American hymns as well as songs and dance tunes. In addition to that he used polyrhythms and poly tonality in his composing that make use of dissonant harmonies and tone clusters. Though his works became famous in 1930 after he ceased to compose music, he received Pulitzer Prize in 1947 for his Symphony No. 3. The use of brass band, march tune, out of tune piano and all of them occurring at same time resulted in a path for a n ew breed of twentieth Century. Many young composers in 19th Century had nationalistic ideas regarding composing in contrast to their seniors who concentrated on romantic music. The composing of tunes by pioneers like Charles Ives had the sense of nationalism in them. The radicalism in the music of Europe influenced the composers in United States of America and resulted in a nationalistic era of music composing. Though the musical training of Ives is not much systematic, he learnt from his father, experiments and has become an eclectic musician. (Broyles, Michael (Author), 2004). The important fact in the career of Ives is that his tunes caught fame when he ceased composing by finding his fortune in insurance business. The reason might be that he did not have systematic training in music and might have lacked confidence in marketing his own music. That can be assumed from his own words "As a boy I was partially ashamed of my love of music an entirely wrong attitude". He convinced himself later that most of boys in America too felt the same and considered music as emasculated art and that might have forced him to quit music career after composing some tunes and symphonies (Hubbs, Nadine (Author), 2004). The nationalistic tones in his tunes and symphonies is due to his idealistic and democratic views and his quest to represent the unified American voice with the forms and traditions of European Classical Music. The musical sense and his interest in music came from his musician father, who settled in Danburry as a musician after the Civil War. As Charles Ives grew in aftermath of Civil War patriotic feelings that are popular in those days made him attract towards them and he mixed those feelings with his musical caliber to produce a pioneering tunes and symphonies. The nationalistic tone in his tunes came from his radical view of creating tone clusters. As a child he used Piano as a drum and his father sent him to drum classes. As he grew up his radicalism reflected in creation of tone clusters thus reflecting the quest of people for democracy and patriotism. Tone clusters are suitable tunes to represent the patriotic and nationalistic songs. His radical way of representing democracy

MGT 501 Mod 2 SLP assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MGT 501 Mod 2 SLP assignment - Essay Example This paper aims to project my reflection regarding my own personality traits as interpreted by the conducted test and its impact on overall effectiveness at work and overall career experiences. The Human metrics Jung Typology Test has also been undertaken to evaluate the peculiar traits that would help me in undertaking analysis. Following are the statistics provided as the test result: You have  moderate  preference of Extraversion over Introversion (33%) You have  slight  preference of Intuition over Sensing (12%) You have  marginal or no  preference of Thinking over Feeling (1%) You have  slight  preference of Perceiving over Judging (22%) (HumanMetrics, 2013) As per the results of the test, I found out that I am 33% of extravert, 12% institutive and perceiving is 22%. Also, my thinking capacity in complex decision ordained situations is 1%. As per the results, it is evident that I am a person who likes to socialize with people because they will motivate me the mos t. In other words, I would put more effort in teaming up with other individuals at work so that the end product is achievable by the team as a whole. This accomplishment of the team would furthermore enthrall the motivation level within me. This means that I am more likely to be effective at workplace when I am associated in a group combination. This also proves me as a person who does not want to keep ideas to myself. I am rather an expressive person who can undertake tasks of presentation which is one essential component in management career (Chatfield, 2007). Since I am not judgmental as per the score I have received after the test, it is probable that I can undertake risks and challenges. I believe that it is important to be versatile when it comes to work. In this way, I can learn a lot of things which will play as a motivational point for me. Limiting work is called the limitation that one puts against the better opportunities. Also, the aspect of judging can also be taken in terms of the coworkers I would work with. If a person becomes judgmental about the coworkers then it is more likely that adjustment to the team or group task would become difficult. Perceiving will make my working experience effective because one person is able to perceive people and environment by undergoing facts and in depth peculiarities (Semler, 2001). Another factor that makes my working effective or more likely to help me undergo progress during my career experience is intuiting. I am not among those who would sense things by undertaking an in depth analysis of the data and fixtures. I am more into inclining towards the patterns in which things would work. There are times at work when a person is expected to make decision based upon a precise analysis. In that case, I am sure that I can excel and make rather correct decisions. I rely more on my gut feeling which is advantageous for people who are in financial market (Karsten, 2006). My weakening point which might stop me to p rogress in terms of career is the decision making skills. As per the personality scoring, I have understood that I am more of a person who would think emotionally. I am quiet aware of the fact that practical life needs many decision making check points. One has to be practical rather than being emotional because it does not involve relationship (D'Almeida, 2007). I also believe that workplace is more of a station where you have to compete with others and make sure that even if you are working in a team, you are able to make sure that your commitment to the task leader is

Camus life is absurd Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Camus life is absurd - Essay Example Even the non-living things have their own concerns and things matter for them as will be discussed in the paper. This thesis will be argued for by discussing nature, motivations, and actions of both the living beings and the non-living beings in this world. Explication Hare argues that when Camus says â€Å"Nothing Matters†, there can be three entities to which nothing matters; Camus, the main character of his novel, or the reader. Now saying that nothing matters to Camus is absurd because if nothing mattered to him, he would not have written such an interesting, highly influential, and engaging novel. As for the main character of the novel written by Camus, it is also inappropriate to thing that nothing mattered to him because for one, that was an imaginary character without his own aspirations, desires, or motives and only acted as Camus wanted him to and secondly, the activities he does in the novel cannot be done without having any concern. Thus, the reader draws wrong inf erences from the novel by thinking that nothing matters. Matter is not an activity like â€Å"chatter† because if it was to be taken in this sense, then â€Å"Nothing Matters† seems right. ... Life never imparts the meaning that people want from it. So their either believe in God hoping that they would get the rewards in the world hereafter or they find meaninglessness in life. The latter conclusion motivates one to commit suicide because one does not find life worth living. This leaves an individual with two options; either to commit suicide or to believe in the world hereafter. A third possibility is accepting to live in a world that does not have any meaning. Main Argument Hare’s argument is right. Nothing in this world has been made without a purpose. Even things like insects such as mosquitos and flies that we often think of as a burden on us have not been made without a purpose as they play an important role in maintaining the ecosystem healthy and going. Likewise, non-living things like the sun and the moon are not purposeless. Sun gives us light during the day as well as during the night by reflecting through the moon. The moon has the concern of getting the light from the sun to glow because without the reflection of sunlight, it would not glow. Camus’s argument is inherently illogical and false. There is hardly anyone who never gets from life what he/she wants. By nature, man has two desires; first, to gain worldly desires like money, power, and fame and secondly, to gain satisfaction and peace of mind by doing good deeds. If an individual tries but cannot become rich, he might not have been able to fulfill his desires, but he can always derive pleasure and peace of mind by doing good deeds. Many good deeds do not even require the individual to spend money e.g. helping a blind man cross a road does not take any money but doing so lends one happiness and satisfaction. This suggests that

Immigration Reform Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Immigration Reform - Essay Example This paper is aimed at providing a critical thoughtful process of the immigration reform that has been conducted in the United States of America, mainly after the incident of the 9/11 attack on the country. Comparative and Analysis: The Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) has implemented reformatory policies aimed at providing anti-immigrant movements in the country. The most important mission of these policies is to achieve the aim of zero level of immigration in the country. These reformatory policies have blamed immigrants as the main cause of economic as well as environmental problems of the country. Immigrants are also blamed in regard to these policies as putting greater amount of pressure on the population of the country. The first policy in the context of immigration reform was implemented in 1979 by the chairman of the FAIR, John Tanton, who was also known as the "father of the anti-immigration movement" in the country. During this time policies related to immi gration reform have been developed for the purpose of providing greater amount of economic and environmental supports to the country and also to reduce the growing level of population of the country (FEDERATION FOR AMERICAN IMMIGRATION REFORM, 1). Classical liberalism Classical liberalism has been playing an important role in the process of social, cultural as well as economic development in the country since a long time. The country has been highly liberal regarding migration of people from other countries into their country. Large number of people who came into this country from countries across the globe is living temporarily or permanently in this country. They have become an integral part of this country. Political, economic, social, cultural, educational – all these aspects did not (do not and will not) match with these immigrants. However, these people are increasingly becoming citizens of the United States of America. But the debate regarding increase in the amount of migrated people in the country occurred after the 9/11 attack of 2001 on the World Trade Center. After this attack, politicians and American people started to raise their voice against immigrations and the need for immigration reform has been realized during this time by politicians of the country (Fitz and Kelley, 4). Factions (Pluralism) Political leaders and people of the country have started to raise their voice against the immigration and different policies have started to be proposed during this time. These policies have been put forward by several groups of people who have argued that the level of safety of resources and lives of general people of the country to a great extent if these policies are implemented. In these reformatory policies mainly specifies groups or factions were targeted. These groups have been constructed including, mainly, immigrants from Pakistan, Afghanistan and people of other middle-east countries. Mainly people who belong to the Muslim religion have been included in this group. â€Å"The House of Representatives preempted anticipated Senate action in late 2005 by passing an extreme enforcement measure (H.R. 4437) sponsored by Rep. Jim Sensenbrenner (R-WI). That bill, which would have felonized the undocumented population and many who interact with them, triggered an enormous backlash

Festival in British Essay Example for Free

Festival in British Essay INTRODUCTION Festival is defined as a time of celebration marked by special observances. Every festival tells a message pertaining our customs, traditional values, mythology, culture and historical events. Festival usually brings happiness and glee. Thereby, it strengthens the bond of relationship and friendships. Britain is a land known of its British cultures. It inevitably celebrates a variety of festivals throughout the year. For example, British people celebrate New Year, Valentine’s Day, Easter Day, Halloween, Bonfire Night and Christmas. Each festival is celebrated with enthusiasm by British people. Everyone enjoy them especially children and family usually prepares for the festival well in advance. METHODOLOGY Questionnaire is a set of questions used for gathering information from individuals. It is well known as the easiest and simplest way in collecting information. That is why this method had been used in this project. Questions been set as the first step of creating a questionnaire. Then, few kinds of questions had beenchosen out of many types of questions. In this project, list more than one, ranking question, yes/no and multiple choices questions had been selected. After that 40 interviewees were interviewed at the street in Sheffield. The questions are mainly about how people in British celebrate festivals. RESULTS The first question is a yes/no question where interviewees where asked either they like or dislike festivals. Within 40 interviewees that been interviewed, 95% of them like festival and only 5% of them dislike festival. Interviewees had been asked how many festivals they celebrate in a year in question 2. 19 of the interviewees celebrated 10 or more festivals in a year. There are only 5 of them celebrate 1-2 festivals in a year while the remaining of interviewees celebrate 3-4 festivals.Question 3 is tick more than one question where interviewees were asked to tick festivals that they celebrated in a year. The answer choices included New Year, Valentine’s Day, Easter, Halloween day, Bonfire night and Christmas. 35 interviewees celebrate Christmas which are slightly more than New Year. Only 17 interviewees celebrate Valentine’s Day which is the fewest festivals that been celebrated by interviewees. In addition, question 4 is a ranking question.where interviewees were required to rank the festival they like the most. According to the pie chart above, it clearly showed that interviewees liked Christmas the most. However interviewees who like liked Christmas are only slightly more than New Year. Nearly one third of the interviewees dislike Valentine’s Day than other festivals.Besides, in question 5 there are more people selected spending time with friends and family and party with friends as the way to spend their days during a festival. Only minority of them said that they go for a vacation during a festival. In question 6, there are more considerably more interviewees thinks that festivals such as Valentine’s Day, Halloween and Bonfire Night should have free day than those who thinks that those festivals should not have free days. In question 7 when interviewees were asked do they know the origin or history of the following festivals: (i) Valentine’s Day (ii) Easter (iii) Halloween (iv) Bonfire Night (v) Christmas There are far more interviewees knows the origin or history of Christmas than the others festivals. Most of the interviewees do not know the origin of Easter compares to other festivals. Only five of the interviewees said they knew the origin and history of Easter. In the last question, interviewees had been asked which festival that they likely to spent the most on foods, gifts and etc, where 29 of them mentioned that they spent on Christmas the most while most interviewees voted that they spent on Easter lesser than other festivals. CONCLUSION In conclusion, British people love celebrating festivals. According to the questionnaire that been made, it is clearly showed that they love Christmas the most. This is because interviewees spent most on Christmas and most of them knew the history and origin of Christmas. From my point of view, British people love Christmas because of the long history and the tradition of Christmas that been rooted in United Kingdom for a long time.

Agricultural Equipment Business Essay Example for Free

Agricultural Equipment Business Essay Agricultural Equipment Business Manufacturing, export and distribution opportunities in post-harvest equipment beckon entrepreneurs even as other farm products also hold great promise In the last decade, Buhler, a global manufacturer of grain milling, sorting and handling products, has been witnessing a geographical shift in demand for its products. While the US and Europe remained the mainstay for long, it is China and India that are now the demand hubs for its products. The company, which launched its India operations in 1992, has since expanded its facility in India and ramped up the workforce. Another equipment firm, Satake, a Japanese major, has been witnessing similar trend. But the presence of big firms such as Satake and Buhler has not had much effect on local manufacturing. Many small and medium enterprises operate at full capacity across the country. Take for instance, S P Khandelwal of S S Milling and Engineering. He sells grain cleaning and sorting equipment to flour mills, energy foods producers and snacks companies. He boasts of clients such as Bikanerwala, Priya Gold and Modi Flour Mill. It is the price factor that helps entrepreneurs such as Khandelwal survive the onslaught of the global majors. â€Å"Products sold by organized players are expensive while my products are low-cost,† he says. Farm equipment companies, both big and small, are fighting tooth and nail to grab the larger share of the lucrative India market, despite the fact that the agriculture sector’s share in the GDP has fallen over the years. This notwithstanding, the farm equipment sector, that is a key support for agriculture, has been growing at a brisk pace and is projected to touch $7. 9 billion by 2012, according to The Freedonia Group, a US-based market research firm. [pic] Growth Drivers A couple of factors are driving the growth of this sector. These are mechanization of agriculture, increase in contract farming, easy availability of farm loans at low interest rates, and migration of laborers from villages to cities. Mechanization of Indian agricultural has been a major booster. The continuous increase in the consumption of power for farm sector and the corresponding reduction in the use of animal and human power is a clear indication that more and more machines are being deployed. A study by KPMG, done for India Brand Equity Foundation (IBEF) throws up some interesting observations. It says the share of animals as the source of power for the agriculture sector declined sharply from 45% in 1971-72 to less than 10% in 2005-06.

Biography of Charles Darwin

Biography of Charles Darwin Charles Darwin and Anthropological Criminology Abstract: This paper highlights Charles Darwin’s life and the leading to his thought of the Evolutionary theory and how through his theory came multiple others that taught us about criminals and the particular archetype that is considered criminal by their looks as well as their personalities. On February 12, 1809, Charles Darwin was born. He was born in the west of England in Shrewsbury, Shropshire. His mother Susannah died when he was eight. His father, Robert, was a wealthy doctor. He went to the University of Edinburg to study medicine and then went to Cambridge. He was taught how to stuff birds and studied theology. He even thought about becoming a clergyman. During his study of theology, he began to collect beetles and become interested in entomology.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Darwin joined the crew of the H.M.S. Beagle as an unpaid assistant to the captain. This gave him an opportunity to study many species in South America. This journey lasted a total of five years. He studied oysters at the Cape Verde Islands, the tropical rain forests in modern-day Salvador, saw slave maltreatment in Brazil, and climbed the mountains in Chile. They also visited Peru, the Galapagos Islands, New Zealand, and Cocos Islands. John Gould gave a speech at a Zoological Society meeting. He said that all finches are categorized the same, but have adapted differently. This idea fueled Darwin’s theory of natural selection and evolution. He was also influenced by Thomas Malthus. This influenced the idea of survival of the fittest which he alluded too, but never actually wrote. Eventually, he collected all his thoughts into his book on the On the Origin of the Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life. This book caused major protest. They were saying he was going against the Bible. The readers took one of his quotes and interpreted it differently. They blamed him for saying man evolved from apes. This statement directly goes against the Bible. Darwin was an influential part of the Enlightenment time period. The Enlightenment was a time of drastic change of politics, philosophy, science, and communication in the West. The people began to question the traditional ideas of the church. Richard Owen furthered the protest by condemning the book. Ernst Haeckel later brought the idea to Germany. Germany is where the idea of Social Darwinism began. Social Darwinism was an intellectual and social movement. It used Darwin’s ideas to explain the existing social order of society. This was a major influence in racial discrimination. This also changed the way of thinking. Before Darwin, the main belief was in God and the church. Now, many people began to question the church and conduct experiments as did Darwin. They looked at his idea of evolution. They saw that some species continuously adapted to survive while the others who didn’t became extinct. This new idea was completely different then everything coming from God.   At first, many theologians accepted his idea. The theologian said God created the world in â€Å"six days† and for the world to continue it must continuously grow. One theologian disagreed and said that Darwinism went against God. He said natural selection proposed threat to true divine teachings. Darwin never mentioned God. Therefore, his theories go against the Bible. They believe Darwin was trying to drive a wedge between religion and science. The Church condemned this book. The Churches leaders said it will lead you to atheism and immorality. Many creationists fought for equality between evolutionary science, Darwin’s theory, and creation science. Schools began to teach the evolutionary science. Creationists didn’t like this fact and to fight against it. They started to question many different parts of curriculum taught in biology. These antievolutionists would do anything to against Darwin. They created an intelligent design. This was made up of two principles. â€Å"First, within the natural world, and particularly within human beings, there are complex operations that cannot be explained through random adaptation or mutation. Second is the claim that if human beings found such complexity in other areas of human life, they would attribute it to a designer.† (Evolution and Religion) This proposal of intelligent design failed in court just as did scientific creationism. Darwinism didn’t just effect people and their faith. Degeneration was a major effect from his book. Survival of the fittest was interpreted completely differently than how he had written it. He had written it as more individualistic. He looked at human instincts, sympathies, and moral sentiments. He talked about social progress without the influence of the environment. People read this and took it to the next level. This idea caused people to believe their society was more evolved then the next. They began to cause competition between other nations. Nations continued to modernize and grow. They started to colonize since they believed the weaker nations could benefit. The idea of survival of the fittest was a major factor in the race to overseas colonies. The more colonies they obtained the more powerful and strongest nation they were. They were also helping out the lower ethnicities in modernizing and becoming stronger.   Nations began to exclude and classify people. Many disabled people also effected greatly. They were now viewed a weak. They were now no longer as accepted as everyone else. A disabled person was no looked down upon and not treated as an equal. Some scientists even began to discard Darwin’s theories due to the fact it caused racism and classism. They began to believe it wasn’t anything scientific at all. It was just another mere ideology that went against the Church’s teachings. Darwin’s theory also caused many governments to begin to switch to a laissez-faire economy. The idea of the government allowing the economy to evolve, grow, and adapt on its own was influenced by Social Darwinism. The economy will adjust on its own. The government does not need to help the poor. They are weak and should not benefit from society. They should die out and the fittest part of the population will survive. Government cutting back control allowed more of a cutthroat economy. Many people were willing to do whatever it takes to get ahead. This caused some chaos and harmful situations in the economy. Darwin’s ideas caused a lot of domino effects. He wrote his book about finches and ended up causing racism and classism. His idea of natural selection caused major issues with the Church. Evolution allowed many different scientists to try new experiments. Nations began to grow and stir up nationalism and colonization. Many colonies grew and were modernized. New classes in society were created. New government tactics were used. Darwin had just as many supports as he did rejecting him. Darwin’s book stirred up many different ideas and viewpoints that changed society as a whole forever. Upon his death, a new theory came into play and many people began to follow it. These people called themselves Darwinists and they believed that human beings were occasionally reverted, both physically and mentally to a pre human stage of development. This person was referred to as an atavistic criminal type. The focus on this certain archetype was to identify the type of criminal who should be put into prison permanently in order to protect society, even if that particular crime committed was a minor offense. On the other side, if someone who was not an atavistic type, it was considered to be a mistake, and therefore, imprisonment would serve no purpose to the non-atavistic person. Darwinian criminologists had the belief that the punishment must fit the criminal and not the crime. At the time, criminologists all agreed on this theory to explain criminals and crime and as a result, public opinion and official policy makers interest peaked. The criminal physical type is still a part of our world today even though the theory of atavists as a causative factor in criminals has ceased to exist. Darwin had a huge impact on the theory of anthropological criminology also referred to as criminal anthropology, which is a combination of the study of humans and criminals. His evolutionary theory shapes the world we live in today and explains the evolution of criminals thought processes as well as all the theories covered in criminology. Social Darwinism explains how characteristics which are observable were inheritable and explains how a trait may appear in one generation and not the next. The theory, brought out by Cesare Lombroso started with the experimentation of performing autopsies on criminals and declaring he had found similarities between physiologies of their bodies. He thought that criminals were born with inferior detectible physiological differences. They involved receding foreheads, similar height, and shape and size. He outlined fourteen characteristics that were similar amongst these people. Some of the features were that they were unusually tall or short, small head, large face, thin upper lips, bumps on the head, tattoos, bushy eyebrows, large eye sockets, among other characteristics. The term criminal anthropology was coined by Lombroso. His main purpose was to locate the crime within the person and remove it completely from their surroundings. He is known as the founder of the Positivist school of criminology, one of the many criminological theories. It is a field of offender profiling, which is still used today, based on the perceived links between a crime’s nature and the personality or appearance of the offender. The term criminal anthropology was coined by Lombroso in the late 19th Century. All these advancements in criminology all stem from Charles Darwin, father of the evolutionary theory. He is the reason for all the criminological theories, as well as the notoriety of Cesare Lombroso. If it weren’t for his evolutionary theory, the advancements we have in criminal profiling, and theories like the Classical theory and Broken Windows theory would not be here today. Charles Darwin played a huge part in the creation of criminology and continues to do so. If it weren’t for Darwin, we would not be as advanced as we are today in the criminal justice system. References Cornfield, Justin. â€Å"Darwin, Charles†. Encyclopedia of World History, Vol. 4. New York: Facts on File, 2013. History Research Center. Web. 19 Apr. 2015. http://online.infobase.com/Article/Details/245437?q=Charles DarwinQueen, Edward L., and Gardiner H. Shattuck. â€Å"Evolution and Religion.† Encyclopedia of American Religious History, Third Edition, 3-Volume Set. New York: Facts on File, 2009. History Research Center. Web. 19 Apr. 2015. http://online.infobase.com/Article/Details/194376?q=Darwinism impactStoskopf, Alan. â€Å"Social Darwinism†. Encyclopedia of American Disability History, 3-Volume Set. New York: Facts on File, 2011. History Research Center. Web. 19 Apr. 2015. http://online.infobase.com/Article/Details/209404?q=Social Darwinism

Study of Genetics Essay -- Biology, Genomics Era, Kenaf

1 INTRODUCTION Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) is a type of fiber crop (Dempsey, 1975) and is commercially cultivated in more than 20 countries, particularly in India, China, Thailand and Vietnam (Fao, 2008). World production of kenaf and allied fibers reported as 3,251,125 tons in 2009 (Fao, 2011). Kenaf has a wide range of applications in making biocopmosite board, textile, industrial filters, and high-quality paper. Malaysia is one of the main exporters of timber and timber based products in the world. Renewable resource for biocomposite and timber based products in Malaysia is one of the essentials in agriculture sector. Kenaf has been considered as a potential renewable source for biocomposite making industry in Malaysia. Furthermore, kenaf has been considered as a valuable substitute for tobacco plantation in Malaysia. Kenaf production is increased from 1,163 tons in 2005 to 4,185 tons in 2007 as reported by Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister's Department, Malaysia (2008). Lack of suitable kenaf varieties for Malaysian climate is one the challenges that hinder kenaf integration. Kenaf varieties have not been extensively evaluated in Malaysia. The number of kenaf commercialized varieties is limited in the world. Besides, very few studies have been conducted on genetic control of fiber yield and fiber quality of kenaf. Understanding of the inheritance and genetic control of the fiber yield and quality will help in structuring breeding strategy to develop cultivars with improved fiber yield and quality. New tools and methods have been introduced to facilitate quantitative genetic studies, particularly in the study of complex traits. In genomics era, plant breeders benefited from new technologies and advances i... ...echnology to detect DNA melting behavior and developments in saturating DNA dyes, made possible to accurately plot and analyze melting behavior of targeted DNA (Vossen et al., 2009). High resolution melting (HRM) is a post PCR technique which can be used for high throughput mutation scanning and genotyping (Gundry, 2003). HRM curve analysis procedure can be used for SNP detection (Becsà ¡gh et al., 2010; De Koeyer et al., 2010; Lehmensiek et al., 2008; Miyamoto et al.; Rouleau et al., 2009; Studer et al., 2009a; Ujino-Ihara et al., 2010; Wittwer et al., 2003; Wittwer, 2009). Applicability of HRM curve analysis for genotyping of plants using SNP markers recently have been reported by many researcher (De Koeyer et al., 2010; Ganopoulos et al., 2010; Hofinger et al., 2009; Lehmensiek et al., 2008; Picard and Bosco, 2008; Studer et al., 2009b; Ujino-Ihara et al., 2010).

Total Quality Management (TQM) :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

TQM Total Quality Management By Jeff Russell A new type of structure is being used in many organizations today. That structure is labeled Total Quality Management (TQM). This approach involves guaranteeing that an organization functions with a commitment to quality and continuous improvement in meeting its consumer's needs. With any type of change there will always be a number of bumps in the road which slow down the process that can help a company increase the workers morale, production, profits and over all positive environment to conduct business. The pressures of the cutthroat market place has pushed companies' backs against a wall and to compete on a global scale new ideas have to be explored. The purpose of a TQM program is to amplify the effectiveness of the organization. During an age of downsizing and restructuring, many American companies are determining that they must learn to manage more effectively. The management is running on an older system, which adds to workers that cal l out more sick days and abuse the companies' production procedure. Organizational problems decoding means that all members of an organization participate in cultivating a vision and improving the corporate cultures. In any change program you must comprehend where you are before you can chart a course of where you want to be. Therefore, before executing TQM, or another program it is important to add the total value of the organization in terms of its current quality or performance class and to define the level of performance or quality you wish to achieve. One will never achieve total output for any given input, but with simple steps that can add dollars to the bottom line with an increase of production one can get close. Organization diagnose contributes information which allows a faster reacting organization to emerge, one which can deal proactively with changing emphases. Organization examination is often mentioned as the most critical element in the TQM process. With this technique utilized a company can measure all aspects of its output in relation to the mass input. These all include external and internal inputs from the accountant to the delivery truck driver. All members and service providers must be looked at so as to acquire a complete overall view of the performance of the given organization. The steps that a company takes towards Total Quality Management in the beginning only adds the real value of having such a new system in place.

William Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream Essay -- Midsumme

William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are so many references to "the eyes" in "A Midsummer Night's Dream" that one would expect there to be a solid and consistent reason for their appearance. However, this does not seem to be the case. Indeed, the images associated with the eyes are so varied, and shift so frequently, that it is practically impossible to define what it is they represent. This difficulty reflects the problem of distinguishing between what is real and what is illusion -- a central theme of the play. Confusion and misunderstanding abound throughout "A Midsummer Night's Dream." The lovers' chase through the forest is perhaps the most obvious example. The "mechanicks'" bumbling performance of "Pyramus and Thisbe" is perhaps the most comic. However, as the play commences, it is a misunderstanding between Egeus and Hermia that threatens to throw the court into turmoil. This particular misunderstanding revolves around Hermia's love for Lysander. Although Egeus has arranged for his daughter to wed Demetrius, it is Lysander that Hermia really wants to marry. However, Egeus refuses to ascent to their marriage, threatening to enforce on his daughter the "ancient privilege of Athens" (1.1.41) if she does not condescend to his original choice. Even though this would entail her entering a nunnery (or perhaps even being executed), Egeus' opinion cannot be swayed. His stubbornness leads Hermia to exclaim: "I would my father looked but with mine eyes" (1.1.56). Clearly, Hermia believes that if her father could see Lysander in the same light as her, then he would quickly form a different opinion of him. In this instance, then, the eyes symbolize judgment. Theseus' response to Hermia not only ... ...e, nor his heart to report what my dream was" (4.1.204-207). Here, he confuses the senses in his attempt to get a grip on reality, thus demonstrating the blurred boundary between reality and illusion. Clearly, then, the eye alone cannot be trusted to provide adequate information about the nature of reality. The fluid, endlessly shifting imagery of the eyes serves to represent this problem, adding to the dreamlike quality of the play in the process. Possibly, it is left to the "poet's eye" (5.1.12) to make the distinction between reality and illusion: "The forms of things unknown, the poet's pen/Turns them to shapes, and gives to airy nothing/A local habitation and a name" (5.1.15-17).     Ã‚   Works Cited   Shakespeare, William. "A Midsummer Night's Dream." The Norton Shakespeare. Ed. Stephen Greenblatt. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1997. 814-861.

What Massage Is the Poet Trying to Convey About “The Charge of the Light Brigade”

What massage is the poet trying to convey about â€Å"The Charge Of The Light Brigade†? In the poem â€Å"The Charge Of The Light Brigade† Alfred Tennyson tries to convey the readers to honor the qualities of the actual Light Brigade. With the use of figurative language, effective structure and techniques he achieve to show the determination and bravery of the six hundred soldiers that fought in the Brigade. Tennyson firstly introduce us to the heroes of the poem in the first stanza when he says â€Å"All in the valley of Death rode the six hundred†.This metaphor show the bravery of the â€Å"six hundred† because they where riding towards their death. The personification of Death suggest that something terrible happened to the soldiers, and the phrase â€Å"valley of Death† helps the creation of an image of the setting,uncertain and terrible, which the six hundred where riding towards. Tennyson then decides to put a man shouting a military order, â €Å"Charge for the guns†. He leaves the person unknown to emphasize at the brave men and that they were following orders. The word â€Å"guns† confirms that the destination of the Brigade was towards their death.The stanza ends with the repetition of the lines † into the valley of death rode the six hundred† to emphasize more their fatal lost and their strength to face death. The message of the poem is described using a variety of techniques. The rhetorical question â€Å"Was there a man dismayed? † Suggest that the soldiers didn't lost their courage and they didn't overcomes by terror while facing the death. This shows the loyalty and toughness of the heroes. The rhetorical question is contrasting with the following group of lines â€Å"Theirs not to make reply, theirs not to reason why, theirs but to do and die†.There is alliteration being used. These lines sum up the heroism and nobility of the six hundred, which they did their job without reasoning, without replying even that their lives where based on that. Tennyson attempts to make us feel the way the soldiers did when they where surrounded, by using onomatopoeia through the lines â€Å"Cannon to right of them, Cannon to left of them, Cannon in front of them†. The use of senses(optic and hearing) successfully help the reader to feel the moment, the terror of the soldiers as well as understanding better the quality of heir pride and strength to keep fighting and not be overcome by their fears. Their bravery is being described by the phrase â€Å"Bodly they rode and well†. There is a powerful personification of â€Å"jaws of Death/mouth of Hell† which represent the battlefield and the dangers, which again emphasize how heroic the men fought but it contrasting again with their fatal lost. Tennyson tries to show the response of the world to this charge by saying † charging an army while all the world wondered†. Tennyson imagines that th e viewers of the battle are wondering with awe and amazement.At the end of stanza four, the poet through the phrase â€Å"Then they rode back, but not, not the six hundred† shows that the charge has ended, the soldiers are turning back. The repetition of the word â€Å"not† shows the terrible casualties of the Light Brigade, the lost of many men out of the six hundred. Furthermore, Tennyson recognize the soldiers as heroes as he emphasizes to the lost of their life † while horse and hero fell†. There is a vivid image been created of the horse and the hero fall to the ground dead. The poem last stanza begins with a rhetorical question â€Å"When can their glory fade?The speaker tries to make the soldiers of the Light Brigade legends, to emphasize that their glory should never fade. Tennyson want us to remember the Light Brigade as a â€Å"wild charge† and repeats the line â€Å"all the world wondered† this time Tennyson is referring to us, to show that we should be amazed with the wild charge of the brave heroes and we should wonder for their strength and pride. The poem ends with some commands â€Å"Honour the charge they made! Honour the Light Brigade, Noble six hundred†. These commands summarize the purpose of the poem, to tell us, that we should remember and respect these noble war heroes, to honor their lives.

Ex-convicts Re-entry into the Society Essay

The rescript treats the ex convicts humourh un attractiveness and in scantilyice that they do non deserve. As a good deal as they are responsible for entirely the whole kit and boodle they do, the the Statesn decree is non grubby for this discussion. It is envisaged that the pur station of whatsoever prison house plate ho study house celerity in the world is to correct the aberrant behavior in a psyche in order to prepare the self-made re-entry to the parliamentary procedure a reformed somebody. However, this is does not seem to be the case for American ex-convicts in the 21st century. The ex-convict right away is the vicinity next door who we see cursory and some eras we arrive at a relationship.The realisation that angiotensin converting enzyme is a convict proves an unsurmountable task to the respective(prenominal) to prove that he or she is a reformed person just the constabularys and policies do not suffer this. The macroscopicalgest motility tha t begs for an answer is why it is so much(prenominal) a serious subject field? What is to be blamed or who is to be held culprit? Do we need a reformation of the current policies stage businessing life afterwards prison? This re look for will concern on the reasons why ex-prisoners are not fully integ prised okay into the hunting lodge even after prison and the eventors finesse behind such treatment from the parliamentary procedure.The American prison today The concern lies on whether the prison today is doing the right grow to bring the traits and qualities desired in the raw society in convicted persons. In America today, for one to achieve in life, teaching forms the virtu entirelyy counting detailor. It consequently pith that securing a good gambol requires risque command while conf rehearsed instruction only warrants commencement and often trying furrows. Prison statistics shows that ab turn up 75% of inmates did not complete last school and conseq uently they lack the high school degree.In cast upition, there is an cast up in the takings of inmates who do not hand high school diploma which means that an outgrowth in evil is related to low education. This information means that for such convicts to be suited well in the society, one of the requirements in the prison is to offer education as the reconstructive program. This ensures that recidivism is reduced by providing the required solution. Nevertheless, the prisons strategies of correcting the convict are various and emphasize on rough and controvert treatment.This sidetracks from the main purpose of prison. The Prison bursting charge on Confronting Confinement by Gibbons and Katzenbach (2006) penning shows that, most of the prisons in America use excessive force in treating the inmates. The big picture is that the prison guards are just poisonous enough to cause perish of the heart even the hardiest of them. Bearing in mind that most of the inmates are convic ted of rape, crime, looting with violence, murder and dose abuse, the irresolution of brutal and tough treatment does not generate sense.This mannikin of correcting is opposite the logical system of the actual reason of manacles. It only leads to a situated ex-convict who feels that the society is against him or her. In fact, the authority in the prisons worsens the distinguish of affairs. The Prison incubus by Deparle (2007) open airly shows that the prison is a hell of a get off that requires hindrance from the farming and the world. The life in prison is deplorable conditions are inhumane, un healthy, un juicy and violent. This unfeignedly affects the staff and the inmates themselves due to the unending combat injury and stress.The unfair treatment of inmates severalise betwixt race and class and the type of offence, takes the prison to be the devil rather than the savior to the community. The community moldiness be protect from rogue persons who are not adequate to(p) of maintaining the dogmas of the society. It is in this vigilant that the prison must be seen as a failed corpse in our society. The replacement programs wish educational programs, do medicates rehabilitation and counseling programs were modify in the twentieth century condescension the increase in the population of prisons.Therefore, the fact is that most of the ex-convicts come back into the society to seek revenge armed wit nothing but hardness, pain, stress, trauma, mental stultification and thus do not encounter back in the society. The ex-convict life and its disputes It is clear now that the prison facilities are not living to their dreams as set to do by the constitution. The descend of ex-convict is high today in comparison to the earlier centuries. The appal news behind this large number is that they passed through the prison that we have already seen call for to do reforms, from the staff to the policies authorities the correction and treatmen t of convicts.The persons with prison lie with, due to lack of effective corrective measures, pose a threat to the community since they deviate much(prenominal) than the initial stage. In addition, most of the ex-convicts convicted of crime and drug are wo(e) from HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and former(a) communicable diseases which is an startrage to security due the situations of most of these ex- convicts. On the early(a) muckle, after prison, life is no better for most of them due to low education, drugs and confining laws and policies. The society does not re completelyy accept them back and thus re-entry and toleration makes life hard.This leads to the rise of recidivism and increased rate of crime from the identical ex-prisoners. The first of these injustices is amountrier from voting known as crook disenfranchisement. This law date back to the origination years of America claiming the spotlessness of the study corner in 1884 (Manza & Uggen, 2006). The argument was that, felons could use their votes unlawfully to adulterate the ballot box and that since already they have first pick the well-disposed contract, then they can similarly corrupt the franchise responsibility.The view of this time was the excellent administration meaning that all issues that seemed or were perceived to avert such causes, all measures would be placed to bend that (Manza & Uggen, 2006). For the past years, this issue has not been much debated upon or prevailn enough light until the twentieth century when it caused a study stir in 1998. Human rights bewitch revealed that 4 million mass were locked bulge out of voting and they were concerned that this could affect whatever election. Close monitoring by Uggen and Manza (2006) reveals a note of origination in discriminating against the blacks.The notion that blacks were the most felony convicted race due to poverty and so the likelihood was that they perpetrate most crimes. This is strongly weared by t he discrimination of the black man up to the twentieth century. The lack of access to employment is other major challenge that ex-convicts cause in their journey towards re-entry and full rehabilitation into the society. Hull and Conyers Jr. in their bind say that, two thirds of ex-convicts end up behind bars again inside three years of release. The employers are cutting on background checks meant to lock out the job seekers with felony conviction.There is no law that expressly prohibits ex-convicts from getting employment but the many bans across the board pamper the civil rights act of 1964 as indicated by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. This reveals that, to knead this problem, one has to seek redress from the state law. Major tribunals have allowed employers to dis discard job seekers with felony conviction if it is related to the job be sought. Where corruption seems plausible, the background check proves crucial, and therefore any record of conviction disq ualifies the person.Restrictions on occupational licensing is a major turn around to the ex convicts life after prison. The fact that even setting up an own decease is prohibited means that the government wastes money for the upkeep of prisoners in jail. It negates the logic why a person from a correction and rehabilitation center does not mate into the society. The lack of employment and the despair from job turning down by prospective employer causes recidivism (Hull & Conyers, 2006). This opposes the principles of fairness and justice if lot cannot be treated fairly in matters of prevalent or private.The democracy of a heap involves self-aggrandizing equal chances to all without any prejudice. This is not the case for the ex-convict when it comes to search of money for higher education when compared to other students. The Higher Education chip of 1965 is meant to upkeep needy and poor students with funds to spring up college education. However, the amendment by Congre ss in 1998 denies ex-convict of drug abuse the right to seek these funds for college education. In addition, low federal law, drug convict means that one cannot qualify for Hope Credit leading to high number of students denied access to financial guardianship (Hull et al., 2006). Helping the ex-convicts find back their lives and fuck the full benefits of a citizen needs changing the status quo especially in the laws. The societal eudaimonia challenge is also another part that requires check up to give the ex-convicts a sense of belonging and their enormousness to the society. According to Personal Responsibility and perish Opportunity Act of 1956, ex-convicts who had been aerated with drug possession are entitled to no temporary assistance for needy families, social safekeeping, Medicare, food aid and other health benefits. This infringes on the ex-convicts efforts to be best fit in the society.Ex-convicts feel that the social welfare part of their lives is curtailed which is equivalent to punishment which goes to big(p) pains since it takes long to be pa business officed. The hesitancy whether ex-convicts can living prevalent agency lies greatly to state and organic law. The constitutional law doe not bar ex-convict from property a public piazza because of the malice that can arise if a president does not need a challenge from and opposing team. Despite this, the state law on the other hand bars a felony convict from holding or running for a public office.The fact is that the restriction of the ex-convict from holding public offices is much humiliating especially for throng who are convicted while serving in public offices. Furthermore, most of the information nearly conviction is readily available to the public today especially on the internet. This is really restrictive and poses as a challenge to most of the ex convicts who are charged with minor felony. This also applies to ex-convicts who have not despaired and are determined to reclaim their lives back in the society after imprisonment.It is therefore stressful for them to find that their efforts are cut off by the laws of the country and thus they question the principle of democracy. In this light, the function of the prison as a corrective and rehabilitative facility is questioned and the government spending on prison is ridiculed. Aside from ex-offenders beingness nix from holding public office, parenthood forms an impossible challenge to them. Besides family reunion being eventful and complicated, the 1997 Adoption and Safe Families Act require that parents abdicate parenthood if they do not spend 15 months with them.The imprisonment term average is 18 months implicating that family wound up is real for those ex-convicts who are imprison for years. These are the challenges that can result to more crimes leading to a cycle of the same which means that recidivism is no near to ending. With this kind of a prison system, it means more problems will be creat ed. On the other hand, the societys reception and treatment of the ex-convict warrants a checkup and change to neutralise punishing the ex convict (Thompson, 2008). query shows that foster care after family break up leads to high cases of juvenile fault which dovetails to crime. This can only be taken that the protection of the community by these laws and policies provides an driveway for the next future generation of offenders. The issue of parenting is complicated and hurting when it is disconnected each to the father or mother, it is the most unique(p) experience. Therefore, this law punishes the parents all their lives not to add that most are poor. It is an excusable passageway to mental anguish, stress and trauma to such ex-convicts citizens in this country.The issue of acquiring just accommodate is just another restrictive issue concerning the affairs of ex-convicts re-entry to the society. The local, federal and the state laws have three categories on barriers upon ex-convicts, the absolute statutory exclusions, denying and termination of housing for substance abuse and one touch you are out. The first concerns those instances that an ex-convict manufactures substance or has been convicted of sex offence. It means that the ex-convict is banned out for life on public houses.Secondly, if the ex convict is still using substances illicitly and the third involves a case where an individual is denied admission due to activity of crime or substance abuse which exponent lead to disruption of other house occupants just slightly before occupying the house. These laws under PHA are directed by the admit Opportunity Act destabilize the lives of ex-convicts who have so much to correct for their made re-entry into the society. The changing wind When ex convicts experience a difficult and often disallow life influenced by the laws and policies, they feel discomfited and rejected.The fact that one is expected to boasting good conduct to pay for health services, cater for the family despite having no job is overwhelming. These situations places the ex-convicts between a hard place and a rock and thus chances of getting back to crime or hot substance abuse are imminent. The questions of giving the ex-convicts a second chance have arisen due the increased amount of people with felony records. The political, social and economic consequences related to the re-entry of ex-convicts into the society reveal high costs and disadvantages. The society is exposed to disrupted morals due to drug abuse culture.The lack of family role models and parents to guide the life of young people is an indication of a falling society. A community where most of the people are ex-convicts and majority fall under the class of those counted poor means that drug abuse, crime, increase in communicable diseases and unemployment can be the order of the day leading to recidivism. Today, this is the question that concerns the countrys change of policies at the t wenty-first century. Despite other issues concerning war, timidity and relations with other countries, America is face by internal issues like these. other countries like European countries have strategies to make sure that their prisons and justice department isotropy the whole picture for the benefit of all and maintain the best secure bring out society (Petersilia, 2000). Today, the stigmatization and citizen resistance to support ex-offenders is waning due to the introduction of productive restorative community justice get that is meant to bring all people to work together for the benefit of the whole. The re-entry of ex-offenders to the society is a complicated issue that requires serious be after and change of policies.Looking for possible solutions to reintegration needs a change of the public attitude towards ex-convicts (Levinson, 2002). The message is that, the situation is not unhopeful America has not lost the action what we need is changing the past and embraci ng the present for the well being of our future. phantasmal leaders, some politicians, organizations, radio talk shows and the cosmopolitan public have taken an progressive role in talking about the issue of prisons and ex convicts lives. The fact that they are citizens just like any other has seen the rise of dialog all over for their clearance in the eyes of the public.Although some of the politicians do not want to hear this, the campaign is rife and is gaining momentum. The century is turning tides to those who still hold bad attitudes towards ex-convicts. To support an ex-convict was a indebtedness before but for today as Delgado puts it, its a launching flesh out for people with political ambitions. The conditions of deterioration of policies of prison and aggravation of issues pertaining ex-convicts have touched on the politics of the Republican Party hence a win to the Democrats.The meting out of harsh policies and stiff laws does not offer any solutions instead it cr eates more problems to the society. The ex-convicts form a convict bloc that has connections to the high echelons of business leader and class and they form a unnerving force which is capable of swaying the outcome of any election. In addition, the speaking out against corrupt policies held in prisons and courtrooms has brought justice to others who are convicted for fair hearings (Delgado, 2007).

Operation Management Essay

To be able produce specialized music directors capable of ful engageing strategic tasks within occupation and government enterprises the indispensability for the practise of trading operations attention thronenot be forgone. Operations circumspection is genuinely significant in business operations since it forms the heart of the organisation by controlling the dodge of operation. Operations circumspection deals with the convention, operation, and enhancement of the systems that generate and stick out a unfalterings primary products and goods. worry grocery storeing and finance, operations circumspection is a well-designed orbit of business with clear management responsibilities. Panasonic Corp. is a fel mooship in which produces various electronic components much(prenominal) as Audio, Video, Televisions, Information and Communication, Semi-conductors and opposite Electronic Components. In a business entity like Panasonic Corp. the use of operations management is precise essential in every textile of the c altogetherer-outs activities. Panasonic Corp. uses operations management to plug and maintain competence and durability in the organisation. force in Panasonic Corp. s concerned with how well resources much(prenominal) as respective(prenominal) expertise and in fixs argon put in use irrespective of the reason for which they were deployed in the system of rules. The beau monde through its performance ensures that the main object glass for its establishment to generate profits and maximize sh ar deliverers pass judgment is realized. The company reduces its cost of performance by ensuring that visible and intangible possessions are not over str etc.ed or wasted in the organisation. This is a situation where the company carries out efficiently its goals to be the market drawing card using minimum resources to attain maximum output.The regularitys of effectiveness and competence in Panasonic Corp. leads to labour competency, y ield, and capability fill working capital utilization and the efficiency of takings systems. Panasonic Corp. in addition fares fine use of its products and serve management through operations management. Product (or service) management includes a broad range of management activities, ranging from the time that in that locations a revolutionary brain for a product to ultimately provide ongoing prevail to consumers who have purchased the fresh and innovative product. entirely(prenominal) organization conducts product supervision, whether its done deliberately or not deliberately. Panasonic Corp. through this module provides a full idea of catchations in producing and managing its goods. Panasonic Corp. uses it hub competences in the areas of manufacturing, branding, promoting through sell and retail outlets to achieve competitive benefits in the market place. look management is also a very essential aspect of operations management in every organisation.Panasonic Corp. s v ery crucial intimately its products developed for the consumer in the market place. Quality management is indispensable to effective operations management, in particular ongoing perfection to match the consumers taste and preference at all times. counselling Control and Coordinating sour cannot be forgone in operations management particularly in a company like Panasonic Corp. Management control and coordination includes a vast series of activities to make received that the companys objectives are systematically being met in an effective and efficient style. come across approaches to the companys organizational control and coordination adjudge product assessment, product allocation, marketing and promotion, sales and service and product advancement. The company also uses advertisements as a major tool to reach the client. In this progressively expanding and competitive marketplace, the company make sure its products and services are notably in the minds of their clients and clients. This occurs as a consequence of ongoing promotion and advertising by the company. Facilities management is also an essential task and its enormousness on operations management for Panasonic Corp. s required. legal operations management in the companys activities depends on a big deal of effective management of facilities, such as castings, computer system, intendts and machinery etc. Facilities management in Panasonic corp. is very important since the company may be busy in a batch or fix yield depending on the affect conditions on the market. In this case facilities need to be managed in producing large quantities of products which mustiness be consistent to meet the market demand at definite period.Well managed facilities help in work speed, lower per unit cost, manage and control the efficiency in the companys production plow. stock-taking control and management is one important instrument of operations management that Panasonic Corp. uses in its operations. M anaging and controlling the ancestry of the company is very critical and essential. Innovative modes, such as Just-in-Time inventory control, are some of the close important instruments used by the company to deoxidize costs and move products and services to consumers more rapidly. generally the significance of operations management on business is urrounded in every aspect of the organizations activities and therefore has vital role to play in ensuring that organizations attain their objectives and goals.Every organization, whether it produces goods or provides services furnishes customers with worthy products. Thus, to compete with other organizations, a company must transfigure resources (materials, labour, money, information) into goods or services as efficiently as possible. The superior manager who directs this transformation process is called an operations manager.The subcontract of operations management (OM) is to transform resources into products which consist of al l the activities involved in transforming a product idea into finished and final products. In other words, operations managers manage the process that transforms inputs into outputs. Like Panasonic Corp. all manufacturers train out to execute the same basic roles to transform resources into finished goods. To perform this function in right aways business surroundings, manufacturers must constantly trial to improve operational effectiveness.They must focus on quality, the costs of materials and labour and all costs that conduct no value to the finished product. Making the closings in the effort to achieve these objectives is the job of the operations manager. That somebodys responsibilities can be grouped as follows * production planning. During production planning, managers determine how goods will be produced, where production will be carried out, and how manufacturing facilities will be done. * Production control. Once the production process is started, managers must repetit ively schedule and monitor the activities that make up that process.They must respond to feedback and make adjustments where required. At this stage, they also supervise the purchasing of raw materials and the usage of inventories. * Quality control. Finally, the operations manager is directly concerned in efforts to make sure that goods are produced consort to term and that quality values are maintained. Planning the Production Process Managers in Panasonic Corp. believe that the decisions do in the planning phase have long-range implications and are vital to a firms achievement. beforehand making decisions about the operations process, managers must consider the goals set by marketing managers. Does the company purpose to be a low-cost producer and to dispute on the basis of price? Or does it plan to focus on quality and go after the utmost end of the market? Perhaps it wants to build a standard of consistency. What if it intends to offer a encompassing range of products? T o make things even more complicated, all these decisions involve trade-offs. Upholding a reputation for reliability isnt necessarily compatible with offering a wide range of products.Low cost doesnt unremarkably go hand in hand with naughty quality. With these factors in mind, lets look at the specific types of decisions that have to be made in the production planning process. Weve divided these decisions into those dealing with production methods, site selection, facility layout, and components and materials management. Production-Method Decisions The first step in production planning is deciding which type of production process is best for making the goods that your company intends to manufacture.In reaching this decision, you should answer such questions as the by-line * How much input do I cause from a particular customer before producing my goods? * Am I making a one-of-a-kind good establish solely on customer specifications, or am I producing high-volume like goods to be sold afterwards? * Do I offer customers the option of customizing an other than standardized good to meet their specific ask? One way to appreciate the nature of this decision is by comparing three basic types of processes or methods make-to-order, mass production, and mass customization.The task of the operations manager is to work with other managers, particularly marketers, to select the process that best serves the needs of the companys customers. Make-to-Order At one time, most consumer goods, such as furniture and c ganghing, were made by individuals practicing various crafts. By their very nature, products were customized to meet the needs of the buyers who ordered them.This process, which is called a make-to-order strategymake-to-order strategyProduction method in which products are made to customer specification. is lock away commonly used by such businesses as print or sign shops that produce low-volume, high-variety goods according to customer specifications. Mass Pro duction Automakers produce a high volume of cars in anticipation of prospective demand. By the early twentieth century, however, a new concept of producing goods had been introduced mass production (or make-to-stock strategy)mass production (or make-to-stock strategy)Production method in which high volumes of products are made at low cost and held in inventory in anticipation of future demand. s the practice of producing high volumes of identical goods at a cost low enough to price them for large numbers of customers.Goods are made in anticipation of future demand (based on forecasts) and kept in inventory for afterwards sale. This approach is particularly appropriate for standardized goods ranging from processed foods to electronic appliances. Mass Customization But theres a disadvantage to mass production customers, as one contemporary advertising slogan puts it, cant have it their way.They have to accept standardized products as they come off assembly lines. Increasingly, howe ver, customers are looking for products that are designed to accommodate individual tastes or needs but can until now be bought at reasonable prices. To meet the demands of these consumers, some companies have turned to an approach called mass customizationmass customizationProduction method in which fairly high volumes of customized products are made at fairly low prices. , which (as the term suggests) combines the advantages of customized products with those of mass production.This approach requires that a company interact with the customer to find out exactly what the customer wants and accordingly manufacture the good, using efficient production methods to hold down costs. One efficient method is to manufacture a product up to a certain cut-off point and then to customize it to satisfy opposite customers. The list of companies devoting at least a dowery of their operations to mass customization is growing steadily. Perhaps the known mass customizer is Dell, which has achi eved phenomenal success by allowing customers to set up their own personal computers.The Web has a lot to do with the growth of mass customization. Nike, for instance, now lets customers design their own athletic shoes on the firms Web site. Procter & Gamble offers made-to-order, personal- precaution products, such as shampoos and fragrances, while Mars, Inc. can make M&Ms in any color the customer wants (say, school colors). Naturally, mass customization doesnt work for all types of goods. Most people dont care about customized detergents or paper products. And while legion(predicate) of us like the idea of customized clothes from Levis or Lands End, we often arent willing to remuneration the higher prices they command.