Effects of Macroeconomics - 2192 Words

Effects of Macroeconomics Abstract The following pages focus on analyzing the effects of macroeconomics between countries with the use of economic theory, microeconomic and macroeconomic fundamentals, and other theories that can be used in this case. The Introduction presents some of the points of view used in addressing this paper. The following sections focus on describing the macroeconomics effects of fiscal and monetary policies, stock markets, oil prices, but also other important effects determined by these phenomena. The Conclusions section presents some of the most important issues addressed by the paper. Introduction The economies of countries are affected by environmental factors, but also by the economies of other countries. The process of globalization has increased the influence that countries economies have on one another. Therefore, it is important to understand how macroeconomics is influenced by globalization, and how this process influences national economies. This is intended to help countries reduce these effects and increase control on their economies. Effects of Macroeconomics Between Countries There are several effects that can be discussed when analyzing macroeconomic relationships between countries. The most important effects can be observed regarding the situation of currencies, monetary exchange, monetary policies, trade relationships, imports and exports, and these countries economies. It is necessary to understand how countries areShow MoreRelatedMacroeconomic Policies And Its Effects On The Economy Essay968 Words   |  4 PagesEconomic experts always try to find the best forms to stabilize the economy. Macroeconomic policy is usually a customary of procedures and principles that the government makes to control the comprehensive pointers of an economy surrounds. Fiscal and monetary policies are normally the set of tools that it is used in macroeconomics. Fiscal policy is the decisions on the economy and it influences many variables that include inflation, employment and economic growth. Monetary policy is the parameterRead MoreThe Impact Of Effect On Macroeconomic On The Uk1540 Words   |  7 Pagesimpact on Macroeconomic in the Uk Student Number : 0010896606 Group : DW Date : 13 March INTRODUCTION: This report will explain the meaning of Brexit and introduce the influence of Brexit on macroeconomic in Britain. The definition of Brexit is that the Unite Kingdom (UK) will exit from European Union (EU), which raising concern around the world. Brexit has drawn greater worldwide attention, then the increasing number of questions which about the damaging of British macroeconomic has beenRead MoreInflation Indexing and its Macroeconomic Effects1206 Words   |  5 PagesInflation Indexing and its Macroeconomic Effects Inflation is often used to refer to an increase in overall price levels in an economy. 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Body A contagion is defined as a significant increase in market co-movement after a shock in one countryRead MoreThe Effect Of Macroeconomic Shifts On The Ridge Tool Company Essay982 Words   |  4 PagesAny company can do well in a vacuum, free from the effects of the economy as a whole. While a firm can be successful with individual households, they are by no means exempt from the effect of macroeconomic shifts. Macroeconomic shifts are those that impact the aggregate supply and demand of an entire country, or the world. The aggregate supply and demand curves are plotted to display the real domestic output of a country vs. price. An event that is seemingly unrelated to the firm can change the futureRead MoreMacroeconomics: Cause and Effect Mechanism457 Words   |  2 PagesThere is a definite cause and effect mechanism that causes changes in both the demand curve and in the supply curve of economics. This relationship between demand and supply is the underlying basis of economy. In fa ct, in market economy theories, demand and supply theory allocates resources in the most efficient manner. The demand refers to how much interest there is in the product from buyer. The following determinants cause shift in the demand curve: change in consumer tastes The cessationRead MoreMacroeconomic Analysis : Potential Effects On Economy1653 Words   |  7 Pages Macroeconomic Analysis – Potential Effects on Economy. From 2001 to 2014 the total number of patients treated in the VA system increased from 5,124,168 to 9,111,955 per year, an increase of 78% (Erin, June 3, 2014, para. 4). The 2015 VA healthcare budget is 163.9 billion dollars, which includes all costs such as cost of construction, mandatory benefits programs, information technology, discretionary benefits programs, and medical programs for veterans (VA.gov, 2015, graph 1-2). The benefits reapedRead MoreThe Effects Of Macroeconomics On Gross Domestic Product2553 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction One of the outstanding elements of macroeconomics is Gross Domestic Product (GDP). In the last five decades, this element has been embraced as an acceptable meter for economic growth (Constanza et al., 2009) and remains the best indicator of standard of living of a country. Ghana, a developing country west of sub-Saharan Africa is not in isolation and different from others. It is an undeniable truth that Ghana?s economy has not grown much since the early 1960s after her independenceRead MoreThe Effects Of Macroeconomics On Gross Domestic Product2038 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction One of the outstanding elements of macroeconomics is Gross Domestic Product (GDP). In the last five decades this element has been embraced as an acceptable meter for economic growth (Robert Constanza, 2009) and remains the best indicator of standard of living of a country. Ghana, a developing country west of sub-Saharan Africa is not in isolation and different from others. It is an undeniable truth that Ghana?s economy has not grown much since the early 1960s after her independence (AryeeteyRead MoreThe Effect Monetary Policy has on Macroeconomic Factors Essay1595 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effect Monetary Policy has on Macroeconomic Factors Monetary policy includes the manipulation in the money supply by the Federal Reserve that will influence interest rates, which will cause a snowball effect in total overall spending. The change in interest rates, in many cases are a determining factor in the decision-making process to purchasing a house, a new car, borrow money for home improvements and many other decisions on purchases which will impact the total level of spending

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string(35) " started the Gram Stain procedure\." The objective of these â€Å"unknown† experiments was to take a mixed culture, which contains two unknown species, and identify those species through a series of tests. The group was informed that one species of bacteria would be a gram-negative bacillus and the other would be a gram positive coccus. The tests to be conducted ranged from streak plate isolation to biochemical tests. We will write a custom essay sample on Unknown Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Each test to be conducted was discussed and agreed upon by all group members. The results of each test were analyzed by the group and led to selection of the next test that would further narrow the possible identity of the unknown species. On September 16, 2010, our group was given a mixed culture in which we were to identify two organisms within the mixture, by running several biochemical tests. On this day our objective was to prepare the specimen of the mixed culture into discrete colonies. Each member of our group then conducted a streak plate and we would later pick the best plate of isolated colonies. To perform a streak plate, aseptic technique was required. We had our mixed culture in the form of a broth therefore our inoculating instrument would be a loop. We also needed our agar plates each marked into four quadrants and a Bunsen burner. We then proceeded to transfer the mixed culture to the plates aseptically. In preparation for the transfer of the mix culture to a plate we placed the tube of broth in our non-dominant hand. The loop was sterilized by placing it into the fire of the Bunsen burner until the entire wire became red hot, â€Å"red is dead†. The tube was uncapped facing the cap downward along with the inoculated loop in the dominant hand. We then passed the tube through the flame of the Bunsen burner briefly to burn off any contaminates that may be present at the opening of the tube. The inoculated loop was then inserted into the broth of the mixed culture to obtain the organisms to be transferred to the plate. The tube was then passed though the Bunsen burner again, capped, and put aside. With the sterilized loop containing the organism we proceeded to transfer the organism to the plate of quadrant I in a zigzag movement. We then re-flamed the loop till red and cooled the instrument to the side of quadrant II. Then from quadrant I we made four lines crossing into quadrant II. We re-flamed the loop till red and then cooled the instrument again to the side of quadrant III. From quadrant II we made four lines crossing into quadrant III. From quadrant III we continued making four more lines crossing into quadrant IV. We inoculated our loop once more, freeing the instrument of any organism by re-flaming till red. Once we each completed a streak plate, the plates where taped and marked with the date, initials, and group number. On September 23, 2010, we obtained our plates made from September 16. We identified discrete colonies into two organisms that we named yellow and beige. The yellow organism was an obvious yellow pigmentation, moderate in size, entire, circular, raised colony and the beige was an off-white pigmentation, small, entire, circular, umbonate colony. We next chose the best representative colony of each organism to be transfer to a nutrient agar slant. Again we aseptically transferred the organisms, yellow and beige, into individual agar slants. Our instrument that we used was a loop along with two slant tubes and a Bunsen burner. With our selected plate ready and available, the slant in the least dominated hand, we inoculated the loop till red, uncapped the tube, flamed the tubes, obtained the yellow organism from the plate, and transferred it to the slant in a zigzag motion. We then re-flamed the tube, capped the test tube, and flamed the loop. Then we proceeded with the same procedures for the beige organism. The purpose of transferring the organisms was to evaluate the abundance of growth, pigmentation, optical characteristics, form (not applied due to the use of a zigzag rather then a straight line), and consistency. On October 7, 2010 our third day of our Unknown’s project we conducted a Gram stain procedure. From last week’s test, we achieved pure cultural characteristics from the two slants we made. The growth we saw on the agar slant that contained the yellow specimen was a soft, smooth, yellow growth. The growth we saw on the beige specimen was a thin, even, beige growth. Both cultural characteristics were achieved in the appropriate categories. The categories we were looking for contained abundance of growth, pigmentation, optical characteristics, and consistency. Today we will be preparing two bacterial smears from each specimen and Gram staining them. The reason we are conducting this test is to differentiate between two principle groups, gram positive and gram negative and to further know if a pure culture from both organisms was achieved. This is important for classification and differentiation of microorganisms. The Gram stain reaction will help us tell the difference of the chemical composition of bacterial cell walls. The Gram stain procedure uses four different reagents such as crystal violet, gram’s iodine, ethyl alcohol, and safranin. Before the Gram stain is performed we must make two bacterial smears of the two specimens. We placed one loop of distilled water on a clean slide aseptically. He transferred the specimen from the agar slant that contained the yellow growth and placed it on the slide with the water and gently mixed it together in a circular motion approximately the size of a nickel. He let the smear air dry for one minute and gently heat fixed it by quickly passing the slide through the flame 3-5 times with a clothes pin. The same aseptic transfer and Gram stain procedure was performed on the agar slant that contained the beige specimen. After we successfully performed the bacterial smear, we started the Gram Stain procedure. You read "Unknown Paper" in category "Papers" The first step in the Gram stain procedure is flooding the bacterial smear with crystal violet and letting it sit for one minute. After the crystal violet has set we rinsed the reagent off with distilled water. Next, we flooded the bacterial smear with Gram’s Iodine for one minute. After we let the Gram’s Iodine set we rinsed the Gram’s Iodine off of the slide gently with distilled water. The next step in the Gram stain procedure contained 95% Ethyl alcohol. Drop by drop we let the alcohol run onto the stain until the color of the stain was almost clear. After this step we rinsed off the alcohol with distilled water once again. The next step in finalizing the Gram stain procedure is counterstaining the smear with safranin for 45 seconds. Once the counterstain has set we rinsed the stain gently one last time with distilled water and used bibulous paper to blot dry the stain. After we completed the Gram stain procedure we looked at both Gram stain’s under a light microscope at 100X with immersion oil. The steps in preparing the light microscope are very simple. First we plugged in the microscope and turned it on, second we made sure the light intensity has been adjusted and the stage is all the way down. Then we placed the slide on the stage and clipped it into place and raised the stage all the way up with the course adjustment knob. We made sure the objective lens is started at 4X also known as the scanning objective. While we were looking through the oculars we slowly lowered the stage until we could see our specimen. It was not clear so with the fine adjustment knob we turned the knob away from us and fine focused the specimen until we could see it much clearer. Then we change the objective lens to 10X and again turned the fine adjustment knob away from us until the specimen became clearer. We remembered to not touch the course adjustment knob once we have moved away from the scanning objective lens or we would lose our specimen. After we saw our specimen clear under 10X, we turned the objective lens to 40X and turned the fine adjustment knob until we once again saw a clear specimen through the oculars. Once we saw the specimen under 40X we turned the objective lens between 40X and 100X, this is where we used immersion oil only. We did not lower the stage to put oil immersion on the stage or our specimen would be gone. The reason we used oil immersion is so there was way for light to escape through the slide, and the 100X objective lens. It is used as a piece of glass that does not let the light bend and refract, so the image of our specimen is seen even clearer than before. We place two drops of immersion oil on the slide and turned the objective lens all the way to 100X and slid the objective back and forth a couple of times through the oil that way it is covered completely and there were no air bubbles. Using the fine adjustment knob we found our specimen once again and it was clearer than ever. We have found your specimen. Under the microscope the yellow specimen we stained was a purple gram positive stain with a tetrad arrangement. The beige organism we Gram stained was a pink gram negative stain with no arrangement. Once we were done with this part of the experiment we decided as a group that the next test we needed to run was the Carbohydrate Fermentation test. The reason for choosing this test was so we would be able to determine if the organism is able to degrade and ferment carbohydrates with the production of acid and gas. After finding our specimens we lowered the stage and took the slide off of the stage a cleaned the 100X oil objective lens with Kym wipes. We turned the objective lens back to 4X, the scanning objective, and turned the microscope off. On October 21, 2010 the Lactose Carbohydrate Fermentation test was previously selected and prepared for the week prior in order to reduce the probability of our organisms. We performed aseptic technique when transferring our unknown organisms which consisted of performing these previously perfected steps to ensure that our tests be inoculated properly. When performing aseptic technique you need to have all the proper materials necessary to ensure the highest level of sterility while maintaining safety. In sequential order these are the steps that we used to perform the sub culturing for our unknowns assignment. In preparation for the transfer, the stock tube and the tube to be inoculated both had caps loosened and properly placed in the non-dominant hand in a V formation separated by the third digit. An inoculating loop was apprehended and sterilized by placing it to the fire until the entire wire became red hot (â€Å"red is dead†). We uncapped the tubes simultaneously with the inoculating loop still in the dominant hand and immediately passed the two tubes through the flame of the Bunsen burner briefly. The inoculating loop then was inserted into the subculture tube and the inoculum was obtained and transferred to the tube that needed to be inoculated. Following the proper inoculation and removal of the loop from the tube, the necks of both tubes were then again passed through the Bunsen burner, and then the caps were replaced on the proper tube. Lastly the inoculating loop was again flamed to destroy the remaining organisms on the instrument. After successfully transferring the broth culture with the organism to phenol red test tubes with Durham tubes in each, we reviewed our possible results to ensure we understood what was expected. â€Å"Anaerobic use of sugars produces pyruvic acid from glycolysis, and eventually lactic acid or lactic acid and carbon dioxide through the fermentation pathways. † Results after incubation should show negative or positive results. A negative result for sugar fermentation is shown as no color change and no gas in Durham tube. A positive result for carbohydrate fermentation is shown as color changed to yellow indicating acid production. Gas bubble in Durham tube indicates carbon dioxide production. Preparation for Nitrate reduction test was performed and it consisted of us maintaining our initial broth of our G -unknown. The reason we did the Nitrate reduction test on our Gram – specimen was because according to our chart getting a positive or negative result would eliminate several organisms and would bring us closer to finding out which specimen we had. Some organisms have the ability to reduce NO3- to Nitrite NO2- or N2 or ammonia. ***Javance can you type out the procedure that was done for the Nitrate reduction test right here where this note is. We only did this test in our Gram negative organism. I found out where I made that mistake in my notes. So I fixed it for you. Just type out our transfer from our original broth to the tryptic nitrate broth step by step like you did for our carbohydrate fermentation test*** We added 5 drops of Nitrate A and 5 drops of Nitrate B to our Nitrate broth which contained our G- specimen and also had a Durham tube in it and incubated for one week. On October 28, 2010, after a week has passed of incubation, we reviewed our results from our two previous tests; the Carbohydrate Fermentation and Nitrate reduction test. Carbohydrate fermentation test results were for the yellow G+, no gas bubble was present and the color did not change, it remained red which shows negative fermentation. For beige G-, no gas bubble or color change was seen so it also showed negative fermentation. According to our charts, our G+ specimen was the only one in our chart that had G+ cocci and negative fermentation so our result indicated our first specimen was M. Luteus. Our Nitrate reduction test result was our G- organism turned red which indicated a positive nitrate reduction to nitrite. We then prepared our Gram-negative organism for a Hydrogen Sulfide Test (H2S). We chose the H2S test because we found that it would illuminate our organism into a possibility of either two positive results or three negative results. In the H2S test we used a SIM agar deep test tube as our medium and aseptically transferred our Gram-negative organism from a broth using a needle to stab into the test tube. ***Veda can you type step by step right here the procedure done for the H2S test into the SIM agar deep, not just that we stabbed it***This medium contains peptone and sodium thiosulfate as the sulfur substrate; ferrous sulfate behaves as a H2S indicator and enhances anaerobic respiration. Since Hydrogen sulfide is a colorless and invisible gas, the ferrous ammonium sulfate in the medium combines with the gas producing FeS, which produces a black precipitate. After a week of incubation On November 4, 2010, we observed black precipitate leading to a positive result for H2S gas production, if there was no color change, then that would have indicated a negative result for H2S gas production. With a positive result of our findings, our Gram negative organism concluded a possibility of two organisms of Salmonella typhimurium or Proteus vulgaris. After we analyzed our findings, we figured the next test that would reveal our organism would be through the Indole Production Test. An Indole Production test also uses a SIM agar deep medium and with the Kovac’s reagent we would get immediate results by adding ten drops of Kovac’s reagent. By adding the Kovac’s regent, a negative result for indole production by giving off a yellow or brown color. A positive result would show if there was a red pigmentation in the reagent layer. With gloves on we added 10 drops of Kovac’s reagent to our specimen and immediately observe a yellow/brown reagent layer, concluding a negative result. We finally discover that our Gram-Negative organism is Salmonella typhimurium. Based on the results of our biochemical tests, our two species of Unknown bacteria were found to be Micrococcus luteus and Salmonella typhumurium. M. Luteus was determined to be our Gram positive organism after a negative result on the Lactose fermentation test. This test ruled out L. lactis and S. aureus. To determine that Salmonella typhimurium was our Gram negative organism we needed to conduct a few more tests. The lactose test yielded a negative result which led us to conduct a Nitrate Reduction test that yielded a positive result. At that point we conducted a Hydrogen Sulfide test and it yielded a positive result and that allowed our group to conduct an Indole test. This finalized our identity for the Gram negative organism Salmonella typhimurium. How to cite Unknown Paper, Papers

Appraisal Of Leadership In The Practice Of Clinical Pharmacy

Question: Discuss about the Critical Appraisal Of Leadership In The Practice Of Clinical Pharmacy. Answer: We are going to look at the appraisal of leadership in the practice of clinical pharmacy. Our practice setting is an outpatient pharmacy in a hospital in Kuwait. This assessment is as per but not limited to culture, authority styles, Gender, Autocratic/Democratic Leader, transformational pioneers, contrasts amongst chief and pioneer. The role of pharmacists over the years has changed from just dispensing medicines to accepting accountability for enhancing the nature of patients' results. In addition drug use is associated with high morbidity and mortality cases thus the essence of professional pharmaceutical practice. Leadership is key in ensuring that these emerging roles are carried out with precision and expertise required. The outpatient pharmacy in the hospital is in an urban setting. The entire facility has a total of 67 health practitioners. The pharmacy department has 17 members and they are all led by a departmental head who is a member of the hospital board. The department has several sub departments as per the needs of the patients. Some are in the terminal illness department, the infectious department, the maternal and child health department, the invasive surgery department, dermatological department among many others. The facility handles an average of three hundred patients per day but this number varies with other times especially during disease outbreaks being higher than double. The drugs issued vary according to the patients illness, doctors prescription, and the pharmacist contribution. Since this is a public hospital, the employments are made by the government through the Ministry of Health. Before employments are made vetting of the pharmacists according to their area of specialization is made. The most qualified candidates are usually offered the available job slots. Promotion are usually per the merit and also per the directives of the ministry of health. As a result the head of the department is usually the most experienced and also the one with the best track record. The protocol of the health facility is as follows, once a patient walks I, they go to the doctors office where they explain their health condition. The doctor makes a diagnosis and if need be the patient is sent to the lab for specific lab tests. Once the results are out, the doctor will explain the findings to the patient and then make a prescription that will work for the patient. The doctor then sends the patient to the appropriate pharmacist eg, maternal and child health pharmacist. The patient then takes the prescription to the assigned pharmacist where they once again discuss the method of treatment in more detail. If need arises and the patient opts to change the earlier medication, the pharmacist will consult with the doctor and the changes are made. The pharmacist also educates the patient on the dosing interval, the side effects, the drug interactions to expect in cases of poly pharmacy and much more. The patient will then be given the drugs and at times a return date for c heckup. The patient is now free to leave the health facility. As a result of advancement in health check fields and technologies, compass of hospital avail has expanded from traditional to flow modern services. According to Rosenthal, M., Austin, Z., Tsuyuki, R. T. (2010) Similar to hospitals the practice of pharmacy within the hospital setting has been transformed as a resultant of increasing complexity of drug therapy and financial restrictions to ensure maximum clinical consequence with cost effective drug therapy, while ensuring the safe use of medications within the health charge system. Therefore nowadays pharmacists and pharmacy technicians work hand in hand to ensure safe, efficient and steadfast healing of the patients. As Rastegarpanah M. (2015) explains, their roles have changed from their traditional roles that involved just preparing, compounding and distributing medicines, to more integrated ones. These new roles a described by Rastegarpanah M. (2015) are clinically oriented and have led to an advancement in treatment of illnesse s. The pharmacists are now more involved in patient management and health recovery process. Some of the advances include: Therapeutic drug monitoring, which according to Ju-Seop kang and Min-Ho Lee(2009) is the process or act of measuring drug concentration in body fluids such as blood and serum so as to maintain these levels at optimum level which ensures better patient response. The indications for drug monitoring have widened to include efficacy, compliance, drug-drug interactions, toxicity avoidance, and therapy cessation monitoring. According to Rastegarpanah M. (2015), good cooperation between the nurses, doctors and pharmacists is key to ensuring the drug monitoring is effectively done. Pharmacists are usually more informed about the drug formulation and composition and thus their role in this process is very essential. From the information of the systemic drug levels the pharmacists are able to decide on how to change the formulation as well as advice the doctors on change of dosage interval and drug regime. Pharmacists are now involved in availing drug information to physicians as Rastegarpanah M. (2015) explains. This is because treatment therapies are growing complex by the day as more and more new drugs are being discovered. Illness causing microorganisms are also increasingly becoming resistant to the old medication regimes thus the need for change. However this change has to be well informed otherwise there will be a resultant harm. As Kane Dasta, J. F. (2003) explain from the findings of their research, whenever pharmacist input was included in management of intensive care patients, the resultant harm or errors were significantly reduced. This is basically as a result of the physicians being well informed. In most if not all clinical setting involving administering of drugs, pharmacists input on their knowledge is required as Kucukarslan Nafziger (2013) explain in the findings of their research. Pharmacists are also now involved in mitigation, detection and management of adverse drug effects. According to Edwards, I. R., Aronson, J. K. (2000). Adverse drug effects are harmful often unpleasant reactions that result from using a particular drug for treatment of an ailment. Since pharmacists are usually more informed of the drugs composition and formulation, they can easily detect an adverse drug reaction thats happening on a patient. According to Kucukarslan Nafziger (2013) most of the preventable adverse effects results from lack of or insufficient information when prescribing the drugs. They also found out that presence of physicians during prescribing or just with them giving their information on the drugs, the number of preventable adverse drug effects that occurred reduced significantly. Since nutrition is key in ensuring the recovery of a patient, pharmacists are now involved in nutrition monitoring of the patients. According to Rastegarpanah M. (2015) pharmacists calculate the nutritional formula according to the amount of carbohydrate, protein and fat content of the patient. This values are then compared with the appropriate values for the patient bearing in mind their age, weight and medical condition. The mechanism of action of the drug the patient is taking is also put into consideration and thus ensuring that the appropriate nutrition formula is come up with. Good nutrition as Atkinson Barr, R. D. (1998) explain, nutrition affects drug interactions and mechanism of action thus interfering with the patients response. This is prevented when pharmacists are involved. To ensure full patient adherence on the medication, the patients should be educated about the drugs they are taking. As Ward, M. M., Lorig, K. R. (1996) explain patient education intervention improves the patient compliance to the medication administered. With proper education, the patient know why they are taking the medication and what will happen if they dont take it as prescribed or if they skip the medication. In addition, some of the equipment in medication e.g. inhalers or blood sugar level monitoring equipment are hard to use if the patient doesnt have the know-how of using them. Pharmacists are usually at the best level of patient interaction and thus the most qualified to educate them on how to adhere to the drug regiments. According to Little, J., Mark, S. (2013), in cases where pharmacists actively train and educate the patients, there is improved adherence and consequently better drug response. Pharmacists also have a role to play in ensuring that the pharmacy patient bill of rights is applied and implemented in health institutions especially the 5 rights which according to Little, J., Mark, S. (2013) are the right patient, the right drug, the right dose, the right routine and the right time. Pharmacists heavily contribute to the attainment of this right because of their knowledge and also interactions with the patients. From the patient information about themselves, the pharmacist will be able the right dose to use based on the patients routine for example, when is the patient at home and when are they working. If the patient feels that his rights have been adhered to, chances of them complying and also adhering to the medication rise which usually results to better patient results. Narcotic stewardship especially Opiate Stewardship is another clinical role played by pharmacists in hospitals. According to Rastegarpanah, M. (2017), a developing worry in healing facilities is the abuse of opiate pharmaceuticals. Opioid pharmaceuticals have a tight remedial file. The part of the drug specialist in the doctor's facility who is a pharmacist is to decide treatment for perpetual or intense agony upon admission to the healing center, to oversee intense torment amid their confirmation, and to balance out treatment and change over treatment back to oral solutions when patient leaves the clinic. This Pharmacists are trusted with role because they have a better understanding of the drugs mechanisms that lead to addiction and how to control or reverse these effects. Pharmacists are also involved in medication therapy management services, according to Rastegarpanah, M. (2017) these are administrations that enhance remedial results for individual patients, for the most part in a center setting. Which incorporates medicine treatment audits, pharmacotherapy counsels, anticoagulation administration, vaccinations, and wellbeing and health program. As Burns, A. (2008) explains from the findings of his research, pharmacists delivered efficient services in terms of medication therapy management services that resulted in improved patient care. This is probably because of the close understanding between the patient and the pharmacist. In addition, the pharmacist wide knowledge in drugs and drug interactions ensures they make the right decisions on drugs for the patient to use. Pharmacists are also involved in patient data documentation. According to Rastegarpanah, M. (2017), documentation in the patient record is one of the methods by which human services experts speak with each other and archive mind gotten by a patient. Drug specialists are required to report in the patient record data, for example, doctor interviews of the drug specialist, medicate data questions comes about, important medication serum fixation and their elucidation, and patient training. This documentation is emphasized by Irving, MacNeela, P. (2006) by explaining that as drug specialist, documentation assumes the parts of medicalizing, professionalizing and privatizing treatment. Influenced by this new requirements of the pharmacists, their training has been improved so as to ensure they are adequately ready and prepared for thee changing patient requirements. So as to cope with the complexity of the developing health sector, leadership has also changed so as to ensure the pharmacists are well guided towards achieving their new roles. From the outpatient pharmacy, several traits and styles of leadership were observed. These new ways of doing things were not only practiced by the head of department but also all other drug specialists that interacted with the patients.in doing these they ensure there is effective leadership. According to Fiedler, F. E., Garcia, J. E. (1987) effective leaders in wellbeing administrations underline interminably that protected, high gauge care is the most required health service. They make sure that the will and wants of the patients are not only listened but also put into consideration when making decisions.They propel intrigue and relationship as their middle activity system. In addition they also make sure that the staffs opinions are also put into consideration in the decision making process. Group pioneers or team leaders according to Zaccaro, M. A. (2002), make a strong sentiment amass character via them making sure that the gathering has articulated an unmistakable and inspiring vision of the participation, clearness about the gathering's enlistment, associates agree on about five or six clear, troublesome, quantifiable gathering objectives, there is strong feeling of obligation with respect to shared cross-gathering and cross-restrict working. Gather pioneers ensure that there is shared activity in gatherings and people are totally required in fitting. According to West, Haward, B. (2003), basic leadership; obligation with respect to decisions is selected to people appropriately, and there are gainful reasonable discourses on the way to give and upgrade stunning patient care. Leaders will also strive to make sure that the organization members every now and again contributes quite some time of their scheduled work to overview its organization goals, their execution an d how they can be improved, and there is a gathering climate of vitality, depicted by positive considering, bunch sufficiency, regular relentlessness and approachability. Therefore in the pharmacy setting the head of the department of pharmacy has to be a good individual leader as well as a great team leader so as to steer his members towards the right direction. Culture is one way of influencing leadership. Culture according Blair, E. (2003) is the way in which activities are usually carried out in that organization. As Ham, (2014) explains, reporters have contended that administrative frameworks, expanding rivalry and setting targets are perfect ways for improving employees service delivery and also identifying the basic changes required to react to the difficulties. To react to present and future difficulties, hierarchical societies in human services must be sustained in parallel with changes in frameworks, procedures and structures. The key impact on culture is the authority of an association, the subject of this survey. Be that as it may, with a specific end goal to comprehend the authority required in wellbeing mind, it is critical to portray the way of life that we wish the administration to make. The pharmacy head therefore has an obligation to ensuring his staff embrace the new culture. According to Dixon-Woods West, (2014) there are five elements that ensure sustenance of culture, for the continued effective management of patients. The five are inspiring dreams operationalized at every tier clear, adjusted targets of all the patients, health facility equipment and also the level of training of the staff which will then ensure improvement of service delivery as a whole. Apart from culture, there are also other factors of influence in leadership for instance the type of leadership style. Some institutions will assume the transformative leadership style. Transformational organization as per Trofino, J. (1995), is an activity whose approach is aimed at causing change in individuals first then the social systems. Transformative leadership,aims at transforminf the individual workers into leaders of their own stations first. It then makes the workers feel part of the overall leadership of the organization by involving them in decision making in factors affecting the entire organization. Recent studies have shown that this is the most effective and mostly used form of leadership in healthcare setting. Transformational administration hypothesis is thusly the most compelling hypothesis controlling social insurance authority examine. According to Wong et al (2013) from their research they found out that most organization used and preferred transformative lead ership. The employees were specifically content with form of leadership as it made them feel a part of the organization and also key players in ensuring the organization objectives and goals were achieved. This wide range usage is because of its advantages. A transformative leader cooperates with their junior staff to recognize required organizational change to adapt to new challenges, coordinating the changes not only by giving instructions but also inspiring the change itself, and also being among the first ones to execute the new changes in the organization. This ensures everyone is involved in the decision making process and thus they will be more willing to abide by the new changes. The workers will also be more willing to go an extra mile to make sure they have accomplished their goals and objectives. Theres also job satisfaction that comes with the feeling of being part of something and being an active member not just someone whose sole purpose is to run errands. In addition according to Munir, F. Carneiro, I. G. (2012) there is a resultant psychological wellbeing of the workers that ensures their output is maximum and that few health workers leave the job due to sickness. Some leaders prefer practicing autocratic leadership. As much as this may apply in some situations where decisive decisions are required, it usually does more harm than good. The leader usually pushes down their decisions down the throats of their subordinates a factor that does not go well with most employees. According to De Cremer, D. (2006), autocratic leadership has to be regulated otherwise the leader will fail in his obligations. A democratic leadership style is more preferred. As Alexander, J. A Bogue, R. (2001) put it, democratic leadership is more involving and results in more community participation in the process of leading decision making. A democratic leader will make sure to get feedback from not only his or her subordinates but also the patients in reference to the services being offered. In the medicinal services we ought to have a greater amount of pioneers than supervisors. Administration includes controlling a social affair or a game plan of components to complete a goal. Leadership mostly involves a persons ability to influence and engage other people towards achieving a set objective through a certain process. Effect and inspiration detach pioneers from directors, not control and power. As Gordon, A., Taber, T. (2002) explain, a leader has more traits that will lead the organization in this case the pharmacy to achieving their set goals. He or she will be there hand in hand with the other workers ensuring that he is also actively involved in the day to day activities. In addition, Leaders get to understand the challenges his or her policies are facing on the ground level and thus have a better understanding on how to improve on them. According to Therrien, S. S. (2002), leaders physical presence on the ground also serves as a motivation to his or her fellow wor kers to put in more work towards achieving their objectives. In contrast, a manger will be not avail themselves on the ground but rather will just coordinate activities from their offices. This undoubtedly leads to poor performance on the side of the employees. Also since the manager does not get to face the challenges face to face, chances of them understanding their employees needs are low. This leads to poor employee satisfaction and as a result, poor results. Leaders are also responsible for the organizational climate in the health facility. Climate according to Schneider and Barbera, (2014) refers to the shared importance representatives append to the strategies, practices and techniques they encounter also, the practices they watch getting compensated, upheld and anticipated. It is therefore up to the departmental leader to make sure they uphold and reward the best practices since these will serve as an example to the rest of the employees to up their game. In an organization where the best and only the best behavior is rewarded, the other workers will also strive to achieve ever better results for them to one, prove their worth and two, be rewarded and recognized. According to McKee, Yule (2010), in pharmacy settings where the supervisors and leaders encourage excellent behavior and practice, there is higher patient satisfaction and reduced mortality rates. All effective leaders will always tend to carry out statistical tests on their policies before implementing them. This is aimed at reducing the loss or patient complains in the event that their new policy might not work. One of these test is the SWOT test which according to Hill, T., Westbrook, R. (1997)is an acronym for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats and is an organized arranging technique that assesses those four components of an association, venture or business wander A SWOT examination should be possible for an association, thing, place, industry, or person. In cases where no analysis have been previously done, the transition from old to the new policy may also be faced with numerous obstacles that could have been easily prevented if the management had been wise enough to do the analysis. In cases especially health, management failure of the new project or policies can be costly as patients life would be in danger which is not ethical. These are just but the critical traits we expect from a leader of such an important health facility. There are others like equity, justice, fairness to all, patience, respect, mutual respect and benefit for all. Now putting all these in practice, we analyzed how the leadership at the pharmacy was being carried out. From the subordinate staff, we learnt that there had been a leadership change just a year ago. The new leadership was now better than the previous one. According to the pharmacist in charge of the maternal and child health docket, the old regime was more of authoritative than a leading one. The departmental head rarely visited them in their posts of duty. The then head also rarely interacted with the patients and other subordinate staff. After the change, things clearly changed. The new departmental head approach is more of transformative leadership. He at time takes turns to deliver medication in the dermatological department since he is a specialist in that field. He also ensures that he has visited each department before the day ends. In times where there is an overload of patients he is always ready to assist where he can. In cases where more help than he can offer is required, he liaises with the hospital management and is able to get some additional workers to help out. According to Aiken, Aungsuroch, (2011) the more the workers are satisfied the high the rate of patient satisfaction. The new departmental therefore ensures there are two weekly meetings where all the staff get to present the challenges they have been facing for the past few days. All challenges are presented and addressed here. He also encourages the sub departments also to meet once in a while to discuss how their operations are. During the old leadership regime, this didnt use to happen. There new leader also advocates for the pharmacists in board meetings. He ensures that there is adequate budget allocation and also that the pharmacists are well facilitated with enough equipments to cope with their changing roles. Since they are now interacting with patients, their working hours have been revised, they shifts as well as their meals. This is something that just happened with the new regime. In addition the pharmacists now hold a yearly party where the best staff according to the patients and other hospital workers are rewarded, at the end of this party, every employee walks home with a reward. However there are still challenges in terms of staffing. But according to the most of the pharmacists we talked to they are confident that under the new management things will change for the better. This were the findings of our study. References Leape LL, Cullen DJ, Clapp MD, et al. Pharmacist participation on physician rounds and adverse drug events in the intensive care unit. JAMA. 1999;282:267270 [PubMed] Leach RH, Feetam C, Butler D. An evaluation of a ward pharmacy service. J Clin Hosp Pharm. 1981;6:173182 [PubMed] American Society of Health-System Pharmacists ASHP Statement on the role of the medication safety leader. https://www.ashp.org/DocLibrary/BestPractices/MedMisStLeader.aspx. Accessed February 9, 2013 [PubMed] Institute for Save Medication Practices Just culture and its critical link to patient safety (Part I). ISMP Medication Safety Alert. Published May 17, 2012. https://www.ismp.org/Newsletters/acutecare/showarticle.asp?id=22. Accessed February 10, 2013 Institute for Save Medication Practices Just culture and its critical link to patient safety (Part II). ISMP Medication Safety Alert. Published July 12, 2012. https://www.ismp.org/newsletters/acutecare/showarticle.asp?id=26. Accessed February 10, 2013 Garica-Caballos M, Ramos-Diaz F, Jimenez-Moleon JJ, Bueno-Cavanillas A. Drug-related problems in older people after hospital discharge and interventions to reduce them. Age Ageing. 2010;39(4):430438 [PubMed] Schnipper JL, Kirwin JL, Cotugno MC, et al. Role of pharmacist counseling in preventing adverse drug events after hospitalization. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:565571 [PubMed] Hatoum HT, Hutchinson RA, Lambert BL. OBRA 90: patient counselingenhancing patient outcomes. US Pharm. 1993;18(Jan):7686 OBRA 90: A Practical Guide to Effecting Pharmaceutical Care. Washington, DC: American Pharmaceutical Association; 1994 American Society of Health-System Pharmacists ASHP guidelines on pharmacist-conducted patient education and counseling. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 1997;54:431434 [PubMed] Touw DJ, Neef C, Thomson AH, Vinks AA. Cost-effectiveness of therapeutic drug monitoring: a systemic review. Ther Drug Monit. 2005;27:1017. [PubMed] Kane, S. L., Weber, R. J., Dasta, J. F. (2003). The impact of critical care pharmacists on enhancing patient outcomes. Intensive care medicine, 29(5), 691-698. Kucukarslan, S. N., Peters, M., Mlynarek, M., Nafziger, D. A. (2003). Pharmacists on rounding teams reduce preventable adverse drug events in hospital general medicine units. Archives of internal medicine, 163(17), 2014-2018. Edwards, I. R., Aronson, J. K. (2000). Adverse drug reactions: definitions, diagnosis, and management. The lancet, 356(9237), 1255-1259. Atkinson, S. A., Halton, J. M., Bradley, C., Wu, B., Barr, R. D. (1998). Bone and mineral abnormalities in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: influence of disease, drugs and nutrition. International Journal of Cancer, 78(s 11), 35-39. Ward, M. M., Lorig, K. R. (1996). Patient education interventions in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analytic comparison with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug treatment. Arthritis Care Res, 9, 292-301. Little, J., Mark, S. (2013). Pharmacy Patient Bill of Rights: Practice Advancement From the Patient Perspective. Hospital Pharmacy, 48(5), 351353. https://doi.org/10.1310/hpj4805-351 Rastegarpanah, M. (2017). Modern Practice of Hospital Pharmacy. Journal of Pharmaceutical Care, 3(3-4), 34-36. Burns, A. (2008). Medication therapy management in pharmacy practice: core elements of an MTM service model (version 2.0). Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, 48(3), 341-353. Irving, K., Treacy, M., Scott, A., Hyde, A., Butler, M., MacNeela, P. (2006). Discursive practices in the documentation of patient assessments. Journal of advanced nursing, 53(2), 151-159. Fiedler, F. E., Garcia, J. E. (1987). New approaches to effective leadership: Cognitive resources and organizational performance. John Wiley Sons. Zaccaro, S. J., Rittman, A. L., Marks, M. A. (2002). Team leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 12(4), 451-483. West, M. A., Borrill, C. S., Dawson, J. F., Brodbeck, F., Shapiro, D. A., Haward, B. (2003). Leadership clarity and team innovation in health care. The Leadership Quarterly, 14(4), 393-410. Blair, E. (2003). Culture leadership. Professional Safety, 48(6), 18. Dixon-Woods, Baker, Charles, Dawson, Jerzembek, Martin, McCarthy, McKee, Minion, Ozieranski, Willars, Wilkie, West, 2014 Trofino, J. (1995). Transformational leadership in health care. Nursing Management, 26(8), 42-49. Munir, F., Nielsen, K., Garde, A. H., Albertsen, K., Carneiro, I. G. (2012). Mediating the effects of worklife conflict between transformational leadership and health?care workers job satisfaction and psychological wellbeing. Journal of Nursing Management, 20(4), 512-521. De Cremer, D. (2006). Affective and motivational consequences of leader self-sacrifice: The moderating effect of autocratic leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 17(1), 79-93. Alexander, J. A., Comfort, M. E., Weiner, B. J., Bogue, R. (2001). Leadership in collaborative community health partnerships. Nonprofit management and leadership, 12(2), 159-175. ukl, G., Gordon, A., Taber, T. (2002). A hierarchical taxonomy of leadership behavior: Integrating a half century of behavior research. Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies, 9(1), 15-32. Therrien, S. S. (2002). A Bayesian model to incorporate human factors in commanders' decision making. NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA. McKee, West, Flin, Grant, Johnston, Jones, and Yule (2010) Hill, T., Westbrook, R. (1997). SWOT analysis: it's time for a product recall. Long range planning, 30(1), 46-52. Aiken, Sloane, Clarke, Poghosyan, Cho, You, Finlayson, Kanai-Park, and Aungsuroch, (2011

Just Another Paper Essay Example

Just Another Paper Essay Course Syllabus College of Criminal Justice and Security CJA/394 Contemporary Issues and Futures in Criminal Justice Copyright  © 2010 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course examines both the principle issues in contemporary criminal justice as well as the extrapolation of such issues toward possible futures within the criminal justice field. Students will focus upon relevant research in policing, courts, and corrections that reflect key elements of current conditions and what may be expected in the years to come. Students will apply critical review and engage in in-depth discussion of these concepts as a basis for comprehensive understanding at local, state, national, and global levels of criminal justice administration. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: †¢University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. †¢Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Muraskin, R. , Roberts. A. R. (2009). Visions for change: Crime and justice in the twenty-first century (5th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Robinson, M. B. (2009). Justice blind? We will write a custom essay sample on Just Another Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Just Another Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Just Another Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Ideals and realities of American criminal justice (3rd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Victor, J. L. Naughton, J. (2010). Annual editions: Criminal justice. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Walker, S. , Katz, C. M. (2008). The police in America: An introduction (6th ed. ). New York, NY: McGraw- Hill. Waller, B. N. (2009). You decide! Current debates in criminal justice. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. All electronic materials are available on the student website. Week One: Criminal Justice System Assessment DetailsDuePoints Objectives1. 1Evaluate past, present, and future trends in the interface between components of the criminal justice system and criminal justice connections with surrounding society. 1. 2Assess the value of the criminal justice system in a changing society. 1. 3Examine contemporary issues currently facing the Criminal Justice System. 1. 4Identify recent and future trends and issues affecting the criminal justice system. ReadingsRead Ch. 1 of Visions for Change. Read Article 14 of Annual Editions: Criminal Justice. Read Ch. 3 of Justice Blind? Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. ParticipationParticipate in class discussion by posting a minimum of two substantive responses on four separate days during the online week. All Week1 Discussion QuestionsRespond to the two weekly discussion questions (DQ1 DQ2). DQ1-Thursday DQ2-Saturday0. 5 0. 5 Individual AutobiographyIntroduce yourself to the class with a summary of your background. Submit the bio to the Ch at Room forum and comment on other student’s bios in an effort to get to know everyone better. Tuesday by 11:59 PM MST4. 0 Individual Criminal Justice Trends EvaluationWrite a 1,400-1,750-word paper in which you evaluate past, present, and future trends in the interface between components of the criminal justice system and criminal justice connections with surrounding society. In your assessment, be sure to evaluate and identify and assess the following: †¢Recent and future trends and contemporary issues affecting the criminal justice system †¢Value of the criminal justice system in a changing society Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Monday by 11:59 PM MST12 Week Two: Past, Present, and Future Trends in Policing: Development and Operations DetailsDuePoints Objectives2. 1Evaluate past, present, and future trends pertaining to the continuing development and operation of the field of policing. 2. 2Analyze the organizational management, administration, and operational aspects of policing. 2. 3Examine perspectives of the policing function from the local, state, and federal organizational levels. 2. 4Identify possible future changes in laws and the impact on the field of policing. ReadingsRead Ch. 2-4, 15 of The Police in America. Read Article 14 of Annual Editions: Criminal Justice. Read Debate 1 2 of You Decide! Current Debates in Criminal Justice. Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. ParticipationParticipate in class discussion by posting a minimum of two substantive responses on four separate days during the online week. All Week1 Individual Discussion Questions Respond to the two weekly discussion questions (DQ1 DQ2). DQ1-Thursday DQ2-Saturday 0. 5 0. 5 Individual Policing Functions PaperWrite a 1,050-1,750-word paper in which you examine the various perspectives of the policing function from the local, state, and federal organizational levels. Be sure to identify and address possible future changes in laws and the overall impact these changes will have on the field of policing. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Monday by 11:59 PM MST11 Learning Team Team Charter Collaborate with all team members and come to consensus regarding the contents of your learning team charter. Submit the final Team Charter to one team member’s Assignments section. Wednesday by 11:59 PM MST1 Learning Team Policing Development and Operation Trends PaperWrite a 1,050-1,400-word paper in which you analyze the organizational management, administration, and operational aspects of policing within policing organizations. In your analysis, be sure to evaluate past, present, and future trends pertaining to the continuing development and operation of the field of policing and how these evolutions impact various policing organizations (local, state, federal). Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Monday by 11:59 PM MST8 Week Three: Past, Present, and Future Trends of the Courts: Development and Operations DetailsDuePoints Objectives3. 1Identify the current and future issues facing courts and court administrators today. 3. 2Articulate court purposes and responsibilities and the importance of strategic planning and vision as foundations of successful court management. 3. 3Discuss future management issues and trends regarding language interpretation services. 3. 4Appraise the impact of court consolidation and restructuring on future court processes and responsibilities. . 5Assess the past, present, and future impact that victim rights laws have on court proceedings. ReadingsRead Ch. 12 of Visions for Change: Crime and Justice in the Twenty-First Century. Read Ch. 7 of Justice Blind? Read Article 13 of Annual Editions: Criminal Justice. Read Debate 3, 8, 17 of You Decide! Current Debates in Criminal Justice. Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. ParticipationParticipate in class discussi on by posting a minimum of two substantive responses on four separate days during the online week. All Week1 Individual Discussion Questions Respond to the two weekly discussion questions (DQ1 DQ2). DQ1-Thursday DQ2-Saturday 0. 5 0. 5 Individual Court Issues AnalysisWrite a 1,050-1,400-word analysis in which you identify the current and future issues facing courts and court administrators today. In your analysis be sure to discuss the following areas: †¢Discuss future management issues and trends regarding language interpretation services. †¢Assess the past, present, and future impact that victim rights laws have on court proceedings. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Monday by 11:59 PM MST10 Learning Team Court Management Executive SummaryWrite a 350-700-word executive summary in which you articulate court purposes and responsibilities and the importance of strategic planning and vision as foundations of successful court management. Additionally, appraise the impact of court consolidation and restructuring on future court processes and responsibilities as part of court management efforts and responsibilities. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Monday by 11:59 PM MST7 Week Four: Past, Present, and Future Trends in Corrections: Institutional and Corrections Systems DetailsDuePoints Objectives4. 1Identify the current and future issues facing prisons and prison administrators today. 4. 2Evaluate past, present, and future trends pertaining to the development and operation of institutional and community based corrections. 4. 3Analyze the role/issue of various correctional models, approaches and systems as a developing trend. 4. 4Analyze Legislative and correctional philosophies associated with increasing correctional populations. 4. Hypothesize future correctional problems including potential solutions. ReadingsRead Ch. 16 of Visions for Change: Crime and Justice in the Twenty-First Century. Read Article 31 32 of Annual Editions: Criminal Justice. Read Debate 13 15 of You Decide! Current Debates in Criminal Justice. Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. ParticipationParticipate in class discussion by posting a minimum of two substantiv e responses on four separate days during the online week. All Week1 Individual Discussion QuestionsRespond to the two weekly discussion questions (DQ1 DQ2). DQ1-Thursday DQ2-Saturday 0. 5 0. 5 Individual Corrections Trend EvaluationWrite a 1,400-1,750-word paper in which you conduct research and evaluate past, present, and future trends pertaining to the development and operation of institutional and community based corrections. As part of your evaluation, identify and analyze current and future issues facing prisons and prison administrators today and the role/issue of alternate correction systems as a developing trend. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Monday by 11:59 PM MST12 Learning Team Futures of Corrections PaperWrite a 700-1,400-word paper in which you analyze future correctional philosophies associated with increasing correctional populations. In your analysis be sure to hypothesize future correctional problems that will need to be addressed by prison administrators. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Monday by 11:59 PM MST7 Week Five: Major Global Crimes and Criminal Issues in Criminal Justice DetailsDuePoints Objectives5. 1Identify major global crimes and criminal issues that have a global impact on justice systems and processes. 5. Compare and contrast international criminal justice systems. 5. 3Analyze the impact of cyber crime on worldwide justice systems. ReadingsRead Ch. 5, 15, 32 of Visions for Change: Crime and Justice in the Twenty-First Century. Read Debate 18 19 of You Decide! Current Debates in Criminal Justice. Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. ParticipationParticipate in class discussion by posting a minimum of two substantive responses on four separate days during the online week. All Week1 Individual Discussion QuestionsRespond to the two weekly discussion questions (DQ1 DQ2). DQ1-Thursday DQ2-Saturday 0. 5 0. 5 Individual Global Crimes AnalysisWrite a 1,050-1,400-word paper in which you identify the various major global crimes and criminal issues that have a global impact on national and international justice systems and processes. Be sure to compare and contrast the various international criminal justice systems and how these major global crimes and criminal issues addressed. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Monday by 11:59 PM MST11 Learning Team Article AnalysisWrite a 700-1,400-word paper in which you research a recent article focusing on cyber-crime. In your analysis, be sure to analyze the impact that cyber crime has on worldwide justice systems and the processes which combat global crime. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Monday by 11:59 PM MST7 Individual Discussion Questions Week One †¢What is the relationship between the criminal justice system and society? How do past, current, and future trends impact the development of community relations for criminal justice organizations? What recommendations would you make to improve the interface between society and the criminal justice system? Give an example of a contemporary issue currently facing the criminal justice system. How does this issue impact the criminal justice system? What would happen if this issue was magnified (or decreased)? What would the implications be for the various personnel in the criminal justice system? Explain. Week Two †¢What are the various developmental and operational trends impacting policing? How do past, current, and futur e trends impact the development and operations of policing organizations? What recommendations would you make to improve the overall development and operations of the policing field? What are the various organizational police functions (local, state, federal)? How do the various functional levels of policing differ from one another? What distinctions can be made about each? Is there a better solution to the way the current system(s) operate at each level? Explain. Week Three †¢Give an example of a current/future issue facing courts and court administrators today. How does this issue impact the overall operations of the court system within the criminal justice system? How can we solve this issue to improve the court system and improve overall court administration? Explain †¢What are the laws reflecting victim rights? How do the past, present, and future victim rights laws impact court proceedings? What would happen if victim rights laws did not exist? Explain. Week Four †¢What is the role of alternate corrections systems? How do alternate corrections systems impact the criminal justice system as a developing trend regarding management, administration, etc.? Is there a better solution to alternative corrections systems? Explain. †¢What are potential future problems for correctional systems? Which events have led to the development of these issues (past and present)? How can we solve and accurately plan to correct these future issues? Explain. Week Five †¢Give an example of major global crimes. How do these crimes and other criminal issues impact global criminal justice systems? How can we improve the overall effectiveness of strategies employed to combat these global crimes and criminal issues? Explain. †¢Give an example of an international justice system. How do the various international justice systems cooperate and coordinate in combating global crime? What would happen if the communication among these international justice systems broke down, or was non-existent? Explain. Just Another Paper Essay Example Just Another Paper Essay Course Syllabus College of Criminal Justice and Security CJA/394 Contemporary Issues and Futures in Criminal Justice Copyright  © 2010 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course examines both the principle issues in contemporary criminal justice as well as the extrapolation of such issues toward possible futures within the criminal justice field. Students will focus upon relevant research in policing, courts, and corrections that reflect key elements of current conditions and what may be expected in the years to come. Students will apply critical review and engage in in-depth discussion of these concepts as a basis for comprehensive understanding at local, state, national, and global levels of criminal justice administration. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: †¢University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. †¢Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Muraskin, R. , Roberts. A. R. (2009). Visions for change: Crime and justice in the twenty-first century (5th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Robinson, M. B. (2009). Justice blind? We will write a custom essay sample on Just Another Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Just Another Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Just Another Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Ideals and realities of American criminal justice (3rd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Victor, J. L. Naughton, J. (2010). Annual editions: Criminal justice. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Walker, S. , Katz, C. M. (2008). The police in America: An introduction (6th ed. ). New York, NY: McGraw- Hill. Waller, B. N. (2009). You decide! Current debates in criminal justice. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. All electronic materials are available on the student website. Week One: Criminal Justice System Assessment DetailsDuePoints Objectives1. 1Evaluate past, present, and future trends in the interface between components of the criminal justice system and criminal justice connections with surrounding society. 1. 2Assess the value of the criminal justice system in a changing society. 1. 3Examine contemporary issues currently facing the Criminal Justice System. 1. 4Identify recent and future trends and issues affecting the criminal justice system. ReadingsRead Ch. 1 of Visions for Change. Read Article 14 of Annual Editions: Criminal Justice. Read Ch. 3 of Justice Blind? Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. ParticipationParticipate in class discussion by posting a minimum of two substantive responses on four separate days during the online week. All Week1 Discussion QuestionsRespond to the two weekly discussion questions (DQ1 DQ2). DQ1-Thursday DQ2-Saturday0. 5 0. 5 Individual AutobiographyIntroduce yourself to the class with a summary of your background. Submit the bio to the Ch at Room forum and comment on other student’s bios in an effort to get to know everyone better. Tuesday by 11:59 PM MST4. 0 Individual Criminal Justice Trends EvaluationWrite a 1,400-1,750-word paper in which you evaluate past, present, and future trends in the interface between components of the criminal justice system and criminal justice connections with surrounding society. In your assessment, be sure to evaluate and identify and assess the following: †¢Recent and future trends and contemporary issues affecting the criminal justice system †¢Value of the criminal justice system in a changing society Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Monday by 11:59 PM MST12 Week Two: Past, Present, and Future Trends in Policing: Development and Operations DetailsDuePoints Objectives2. 1Evaluate past, present, and future trends pertaining to the continuing development and operation of the field of policing. 2. 2Analyze the organizational management, administration, and operational aspects of policing. 2. 3Examine perspectives of the policing function from the local, state, and federal organizational levels. 2. 4Identify possible future changes in laws and the impact on the field of policing. ReadingsRead Ch. 2-4, 15 of The Police in America. Read Article 14 of Annual Editions: Criminal Justice. Read Debate 1 2 of You Decide! Current Debates in Criminal Justice. Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. ParticipationParticipate in class discussion by posting a minimum of two substantive responses on four separate days during the online week. All Week1 Individual Discussion Questions Respond to the two weekly discussion questions (DQ1 DQ2). DQ1-Thursday DQ2-Saturday 0. 5 0. 5 Individual Policing Functions PaperWrite a 1,050-1,750-word paper in which you examine the various perspectives of the policing function from the local, state, and federal organizational levels. Be sure to identify and address possible future changes in laws and the overall impact these changes will have on the field of policing. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Monday by 11:59 PM MST11 Learning Team Team Charter Collaborate with all team members and come to consensus regarding the contents of your learning team charter. Submit the final Team Charter to one team member’s Assignments section. Wednesday by 11:59 PM MST1 Learning Team Policing Development and Operation Trends PaperWrite a 1,050-1,400-word paper in which you analyze the organizational management, administration, and operational aspects of policing within policing organizations. In your analysis, be sure to evaluate past, present, and future trends pertaining to the continuing development and operation of the field of policing and how these evolutions impact various policing organizations (local, state, federal). Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Monday by 11:59 PM MST8 Week Three: Past, Present, and Future Trends of the Courts: Development and Operations DetailsDuePoints Objectives3. 1Identify the current and future issues facing courts and court administrators today. 3. 2Articulate court purposes and responsibilities and the importance of strategic planning and vision as foundations of successful court management. 3. 3Discuss future management issues and trends regarding language interpretation services. 3. 4Appraise the impact of court consolidation and restructuring on future court processes and responsibilities. . 5Assess the past, present, and future impact that victim rights laws have on court proceedings. ReadingsRead Ch. 12 of Visions for Change: Crime and Justice in the Twenty-First Century. Read Ch. 7 of Justice Blind? Read Article 13 of Annual Editions: Criminal Justice. Read Debate 3, 8, 17 of You Decide! Current Debates in Criminal Justice. Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. ParticipationParticipate in class discussi on by posting a minimum of two substantive responses on four separate days during the online week. All Week1 Individual Discussion Questions Respond to the two weekly discussion questions (DQ1 DQ2). DQ1-Thursday DQ2-Saturday 0. 5 0. 5 Individual Court Issues AnalysisWrite a 1,050-1,400-word analysis in which you identify the current and future issues facing courts and court administrators today. In your analysis be sure to discuss the following areas: †¢Discuss future management issues and trends regarding language interpretation services. †¢Assess the past, present, and future impact that victim rights laws have on court proceedings. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Monday by 11:59 PM MST10 Learning Team Court Management Executive SummaryWrite a 350-700-word executive summary in which you articulate court purposes and responsibilities and the importance of strategic planning and vision as foundations of successful court management. Additionally, appraise the impact of court consolidation and restructuring on future court processes and responsibilities as part of court management efforts and responsibilities. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Monday by 11:59 PM MST7 Week Four: Past, Present, and Future Trends in Corrections: Institutional and Corrections Systems DetailsDuePoints Objectives4. 1Identify the current and future issues facing prisons and prison administrators today. 4. 2Evaluate past, present, and future trends pertaining to the development and operation of institutional and community based corrections. 4. 3Analyze the role/issue of various correctional models, approaches and systems as a developing trend. 4. 4Analyze Legislative and correctional philosophies associated with increasing correctional populations. 4. Hypothesize future correctional problems including potential solutions. ReadingsRead Ch. 16 of Visions for Change: Crime and Justice in the Twenty-First Century. Read Article 31 32 of Annual Editions: Criminal Justice. Read Debate 13 15 of You Decide! Current Debates in Criminal Justice. Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. ParticipationParticipate in class discussion by posting a minimum of two substantiv e responses on four separate days during the online week. All Week1 Individual Discussion QuestionsRespond to the two weekly discussion questions (DQ1 DQ2). DQ1-Thursday DQ2-Saturday 0. 5 0. 5 Individual Corrections Trend EvaluationWrite a 1,400-1,750-word paper in which you conduct research and evaluate past, present, and future trends pertaining to the development and operation of institutional and community based corrections. As part of your evaluation, identify and analyze current and future issues facing prisons and prison administrators today and the role/issue of alternate correction systems as a developing trend. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Monday by 11:59 PM MST12 Learning Team Futures of Corrections PaperWrite a 700-1,400-word paper in which you analyze future correctional philosophies associated with increasing correctional populations. In your analysis be sure to hypothesize future correctional problems that will need to be addressed by prison administrators. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Monday by 11:59 PM MST7 Week Five: Major Global Crimes and Criminal Issues in Criminal Justice DetailsDuePoints Objectives5. 1Identify major global crimes and criminal issues that have a global impact on justice systems and processes. 5. Compare and contrast international criminal justice systems. 5. 3Analyze the impact of cyber crime on worldwide justice systems. ReadingsRead Ch. 5, 15, 32 of Visions for Change: Crime and Justice in the Twenty-First Century. Read Debate 18 19 of You Decide! Current Debates in Criminal Justice. Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. ParticipationParticipate in class discussion by posting a minimum of two substantive responses on four separate days during the online week. All Week1 Individual Discussion QuestionsRespond to the two weekly discussion questions (DQ1 DQ2). DQ1-Thursday DQ2-Saturday 0. 5 0. 5 Individual Global Crimes AnalysisWrite a 1,050-1,400-word paper in which you identify the various major global crimes and criminal issues that have a global impact on national and international justice systems and processes. Be sure to compare and contrast the various international criminal justice systems and how these major global crimes and criminal issues addressed. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Monday by 11:59 PM MST11 Learning Team Article AnalysisWrite a 700-1,400-word paper in which you research a recent article focusing on cyber-crime. In your analysis, be sure to analyze the impact that cyber crime has on worldwide justice systems and the processes which combat global crime. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Monday by 11:59 PM MST7 Individual Discussion Questions Week One †¢What is the relationship between the criminal justice system and society? How do past, current, and future trends impact the development of community relations for criminal justice organizations? What recommendations would you make to improve the interface between society and the criminal justice system? Give an example of a contemporary issue currently facing the criminal justice system. How does this issue impact the criminal justice system? What would happen if this issue was magnified (or decreased)? What would the implications be for the various personnel in the criminal justice system? Explain. Week Two †¢What are the various developmental and operational trends impacting policing? How do past, current, and futur e trends impact the development and operations of policing organizations? What recommendations would you make to improve the overall development and operations of the policing field? What are the various organizational police functions (local, state, federal)? How do the various functional levels of policing differ from one another? What distinctions can be made about each? Is there a better solution to the way the current system(s) operate at each level? Explain. Week Three †¢Give an example of a current/future issue facing courts and court administrators today. How does this issue impact the overall operations of the court system within the criminal justice system? How can we solve this issue to improve the court system and improve overall court administration? Explain †¢What are the laws reflecting victim rights? How do the past, present, and future victim rights laws impact court proceedings? What would happen if victim rights laws did not exist? Explain. Week Four †¢What is the role of alternate corrections systems? How do alternate corrections systems impact the criminal justice system as a developing trend regarding management, administration, etc.? Is there a better solution to alternative corrections systems? Explain. †¢What are potential future problems for correctional systems? Which events have led to the development of these issues (past and present)? How can we solve and accurately plan to correct these future issues? Explain. Week Five †¢Give an example of major global crimes. How do these crimes and other criminal issues impact global criminal justice systems? How can we improve the overall effectiveness of strategies employed to combat these global crimes and criminal issues? Explain. †¢Give an example of an international justice system. How do the various international justice systems cooperate and coordinate in combating global crime? What would happen if the communication among these international justice systems broke down, or was non-existent? Explain.

Free Essays on Variations On The Word Love

Response to â€Å"Variations on the Word Love Margaret Atwood explores the word Love in her poem, â€Å"Variations on the Word Love.† She question people’s use of the word love and its various meanings. I really enjoyed Atwood’s poem because made me think and ask questions. I often use the word love, yet I don’t always mean the same thing when I use it. I had never really thought about this until I read her poem. Atwood first speaks about the overuse of the word. She introduces the poem by saying how we use the word love as a filler. When we can’t think of anything to say, we often fill in space with the word love. The first line begins with â€Å"This is a word we use to plug/holes with. It’s the right size for those war/blanks in speech†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (line 1-3). People often use the word love when they don’t know what else to say. Atwood also speaks about how the word love is often used as an advertisement. The word love is very marketable. We have two holidays to celebrate it, Valentine’s Day and Sweetest Day. We also us love on billboards to sell things completely unrelated. Atwood points out how we have entire magazines that only speak about love. I believe our overuse of the word love takes away from its true meaning. We market it and say we love so many things. This devalues the word love and its meaning. The second stanza, Atwood begins by talking about what I consider the true meaning of the word love, Then there’s the two Of us. This word Is far too short for us, it has only Four letter, too sparce To fill those deep bare Vacumes between the stars (lines 21-25). I agree with Atwood. Love is not enough to explain what two people can fall into. The word love is so overused its meaning depreciates. It is so commonly heard that it is not taken seriously. I think that in some ways the word love doesn’t explain â€Å"love between two people† or give it justice. However, I... Free Essays on Variations On The Word Love Free Essays on Variations On The Word Love Response to â€Å"Variations on the Word Love Margaret Atwood explores the word Love in her poem, â€Å"Variations on the Word Love.† She question people’s use of the word love and its various meanings. I really enjoyed Atwood’s poem because made me think and ask questions. I often use the word love, yet I don’t always mean the same thing when I use it. I had never really thought about this until I read her poem. Atwood first speaks about the overuse of the word. She introduces the poem by saying how we use the word love as a filler. When we can’t think of anything to say, we often fill in space with the word love. The first line begins with â€Å"This is a word we use to plug/holes with. It’s the right size for those war/blanks in speech†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (line 1-3). People often use the word love when they don’t know what else to say. Atwood also speaks about how the word love is often used as an advertisement. The word love is very marketable. We have two holidays to celebrate it, Valentine’s Day and Sweetest Day. We also us love on billboards to sell things completely unrelated. Atwood points out how we have entire magazines that only speak about love. I believe our overuse of the word love takes away from its true meaning. We market it and say we love so many things. This devalues the word love and its meaning. The second stanza, Atwood begins by talking about what I consider the true meaning of the word love, Then there’s the two Of us. This word Is far too short for us, it has only Four letter, too sparce To fill those deep bare Vacumes between the stars (lines 21-25). I agree with Atwood. Love is not enough to explain what two people can fall into. The word love is so overused its meaning depreciates. It is so commonly heard that it is not taken seriously. I think that in some ways the word love doesn’t explain â€Å"love between two people† or give it justice. However, I...

Biography of Marvin Stone, Inventor of Drinking Straws

Biography of Marvin Stone, Inventor of Drinking Straws Marvin Stone (April 4, 1842–May 17, 1899) was an inventor who is best known for inventing, patenting and producing the spiral winding process to manufacture the first paper drinking straws. Before his straws, beverage drinkers were using the natural rye grass or hollow reed straws. Fast Facts: Marvin C. Stone Known For: Invention of the paper drinking straw.  Born: April 4, 1842 in Rootstown, Ohio.  Parents: Chester Stone and his wife Rachel.Died: May 17, 1899, Washington, D.C.Education: Oberlin College (1868–1871), Theology.Spouse: Jane E. (Jennie) Platt, of Baltimore MD (m. January 7, 1875)Children: Lester Marvin Stone Early Life Marvin Chester Stone was born on April 4, 1842, in Rootstown, Portage County, Ohio, the son of another inventor, Chester Stone and his wife Rachel. Chester Stone was an inventor himself, having invented the washing machine and a cheese press. In the 1840s, Chester moved his family to Ravenna, Ohio, where Marvin went to high school. After high school, he started a degree at Oberlin College, but when the Civil War broke out in 1861, he mustered into service as a private in the Seventh Regiment of Company C, of the Ohio Volunteer Infantry. He fought at Gettysburg and Chancellorsville, and was wounded and disabled from active duty in the Battle of Lookout Mountain, near Chattanooga, Tennessee on Nov. 24, 1863. He eventually transferred to the Veterans Reserve Corps and was sent to Washington DC on December 1, 1864 where he stayed in special services until he was mustered out on August 7, 1865. After the war, he returned to Ohio and in 1868 enrolled at Oberlin College as a music major but graduated from the College of Theology in 1871. He was then a newspaper journalist in the Washington DC area for several years. On January 7, 1875, he married Jane E. Jennie Platt: they had one child, Lester Marvin Stone. Inventive Life Marvin Stone began to imply his inventive nature into his business life in the late 1870s, when he invented a machine for making paper cigarette holders. He started a factory in Ninth Street, Washington DC to supply a major contractor, W. Duke Sons and companys Cameo brand of cigarette holders. His paper straw invention was the result of a problem Stone recognized: people used natural materials- rye grass and reeds- to consume cold liquids with, which sometimes brought an additional taste and odor to the drink involved and were often cracked and grew musty. Stone made his prototype straw by winding strips of paper around a pencil and gluing it together. He then experimented with paraffin-coated manila paper, so the straws would not become soggy while someone was drinking. Marvin Stone decided the ideal straw was 8 1/2-inches long with a diameter just wide enough to prevent things like lemon seeds from being lodged in the tube. Stone Straw Corporation The product was patented on January 3, 1888. By 1890, his factory was producing more straws than cigarette holders The company was housed in a large manufacturing establishment at 1218–1220 F Street, Northwest in Washington, DC. On February 6, 1896, Stone applied for two U.S. patents (585,057, and 585,058) for a machine which made artificial straws made of paper; the patents were published in June 22, 1897.   Stone was reported to be a kind and generous employer, looking after the moral and social condition of his working girls, and supplying them with a library, music room, meeting room for debates, and a dancing floor in the F Street building. Stone died on May 17, 1899, before his machines were brought into production. The company continued under the leadership of his brothers-in-law L.B. and W.D. Platt. They fought off a patent infringement case in 1902 against William Thomas of the American Straw Company: Thomas was a former employee. In 1906, the first machine was put into production by the Stones Stone Straw Corporation to machine-wind straws, ending the hand-winding process. Later other kinds of spiral-wound paper and non-paper products were made. Stones Patent Paper Julep Straws.   Public domain (printed in the  The Home Furnishing Review, 1899. Impact on Other Industries In 1928, electrical engineers began to use spiral-wound tubes in the first mass produced radios. All were made by the same process invented by Stone. Spiral-wound tubing is now found everywhere- in electric motors, electrical apparatus, electronic devices, electronic components, aerospace, textile, automotive, fuses, batteries, transformers, pyrotechnics, medical packaging, product protection, and packaging applications. Bendable straws, articulated straws, or bendy straws have a concertina-type hinge near the top for bending the straw into a more favorable angle for sipping. Joseph Friedman invented the bendy straw in 1937. Death and Legacy Stone took out several patents in his life- in addition to the cigarette holders and straws, he invented a fountain pen and an umbrella, and his last invention was for adding color to fine china- but he was also said to be a philanthropist. His factories employed several hundred people, and he was involved with building two blocks of tenement housing in Washington DC to provide good housing for African American people in the city. He also did very well for himself and his family, building a home named Cliffburn in Washington Heights, where he and his wife held social events including a U.S. Senator who was a relative of his wifes. Marvin Stone died before his patented manufacturing process was in production, but the company that Marvin Stone created is still in operation as the Stone Straw Company. Today they produce a variety of types of straws including eco-friendly straws which are bio-degradable and made of paper. Sources Obituary: Marvin C. Stone. The Home Furnishing Review 15, 1899. 323.Death of Marvin C. Stone: Inventor and Manufacturer and Veteran of the Civil War. Evening Star (Washington DC), May 18, 1899.  Catalogue of Oberlin College for the College Year 1868–9. Springfield, Ohio: Republic Steam Printing Company, 1868.  Catalogue of Oberlin College for the College Year 1871–72. Springfield, Ohio: Republic Steam Printing Company, 1871.  Thompson, Derek. The Amazing History and the Strange Invention of the Bendy Straw. The Atlantic, Nov. 22, 2011.  Wilson, Lawrence. Stone, Marvin C., Private. Itinerary of the Seventh Ohio Volunteer Infantry, 1861-1864: With Roster, Portraits and Biographies. New York: The Neale Publishing Company, 1907. 440-441

Role of Statistics in the Research Process Essay

Role of Statistics in the Research Process - Essay Example Research process follows the following basic steps: Problem identification, data collection, conduct of methods, data presentation and analysis, interpretation of data and formulation of conclusions and recommendations. As far as research is concerned, statistical methods play a significant and active role in the discovery phase. The methods involve in statistics are an intermediate measure between the theoretical speculations and anecdotal evidence, which lead to the discovery of new information, and validate known facts. Statistics has also a role in the justification phase of a research process. This is the phase whereby, theories needs to be elaborated further in order that comprehensive understanding will be established. Ideally, statistical methods are designed in order to observe or detect and measure the cause-effect relationships in certain situations where outcomes cannot be equally replicated due to normal variability in the applied measurements of interest.

Human Resource Management in the Multinational Context Research Paper

Human Resource Management in the Multinational Context - Research Paper Example Alignment of HRM strategy in MNCs is of importance when it comes to strategic implementation (Chew & Horwitz 2004, p. 33). This is the alignment of HHRM systems and policies with the organizational goals and policies in order to achieve the established operational goal and competitive strategy of the firm. HRM system must be deemed as a source of the firm’s competitive advantage in any multination for it to be successful (Sparrow et al 1994, p. 268). IHR function constitutes of corporate HRM group managing the various roles and practices of personnel management. This HRM group has about 500 level managers who carry out the global service program. In line with the company’s philosophy, the HRM group manages the various subsidiaries in line with the markets they operate in, for instance, the company applies varying HR standards in different market operations. Salary standards are applied differently in a different market and the aim is to ensure that their salary scale re mains competitive in the markets. Multinationals like Coca Cola staffs its operations from the local personnel and only engages expatriates where the system demands. According to Caligiuri et al (2010, p. 3), successful MNC companies manage their global staff in ways that match their strategic needs as well as the demands of their markets. Global market offers different external environments and varying skills and capabilities in the global labor market HR plays a critically important role in managing the companies’ global operations and enhancing their competitiveness. IHRM policies and practices play an important role in strengthening interunit linkages in various ways including staffing policies, comprehensive planning of human resource, compensation policies, performance appraisals, and development and training of staff. As the report stresses business today is no longer limited to the countries’ national boundaries. Large multinationals do a significant percentage of their business activities outside their home market and country; this has resulted from continued establishment and strengthening of business in the overseas by multinationals. Competitiveness in these corporations has largely been determined by their effectiveness in the international market, this is in turn determined by the effectiveness of global managers particularly the international human resource managers who can function effectively in the international business activities. IHR practices are critically important in determining the effectiveness of multinationals.

Knowing Minds Is A Matter Of Authority Essay Example for Free

Knowing Minds Is A Matter Of Authority Essay The idea or the concept that I wanted to discuss which I find most interesting is the poem â€Å"What a Wonderful World† by Louis Armstrong. I find it interesting because of the details on how he described things around him. He mentioned seeing trees of green and red roses and he can even see them bloom. How the tress feed the birds and how the birds scatter the seeds, how the flower provides foods for butterflies and how the butterflies transfer the pollen, they help each other to survive. Armstrong uses variety of phrases to describe the beauty of nature. His words persuaded me so much that after hearing the song, I myself also find the world so perfect, so beautiful, and so magical. The concept or idea that I found to be problematic is Antonio Damasios studies about Spinoza. He discuss in details the human mind and behavior, stressing on emotion and feelings, decision-making, recollection, communication, and imagination. It was a good stuff and he was indeed very good when he discuss things in his books, however I consider it to be problematic because it didn’t answer all the questions being asked. I find his idea about equating the human nature’s equal to bad condescending and biased. I believe that each human being is naturedly good and if given a chance to do good will do right. We have one thing in common we are all human being . And it is already innate of us to be humane. We were created in God’s image and being the reflection of our good Maker man in his truest sense is good. The book entitled â€Å"Mind Into Matter†, by physicist Fred Alan Wolf, resonates the â€Å"Knowing Minds Is A Matter Of Authority† by Rupert Stasch. They both support an idea about the importance of the mind and how it controls everything in the human body. They support each other ideas about the mind, the human will, and how it affects one’s behavior toward something.